The Path to Professional License: Ida Fischer, PE

In the science and engineering industry, seeing a “PE”, “LG”, “PMP”, or other initials behind someone’s name shows that person went through years of work experience that culminated in a substantial test to confirm the right to practice their area of technical expertise. Many go through this licensing journey but few outside that group know what the process is really like.

We’re telling those stories here. Aspect’s professionals are writing a series of articles that capture the trials and successes of studying for and receiving these career-defining milestones.

Ida Fischer, Professional Engineering (PE) License

Test: 5/17/2021  Awarded: 6/3/2021

Ida at Rialto Beach.

When did you start with your test prep?

My PE test timeline was largely dictated by COVID. I began studying in January 2020, and was rolling along when COVID struck and everything shut down. So, I put studying on the back burner until December 2020 with the goal of taking the test before summer 2021—since I was taking the Environmental PE test, which is administered on a computer, you have to schedule it based on testing center availability (rather than the biannual pen and paper tests). I started to feel the pressure and kicked my test prep into high gear mid-March 2021.

What were your study tactics? How did you get started?

Generally, for standardized tests (SAT, GRE) I like to review testing strategies, but I couldn’t find much discussion of strategy for the PE test any other than “study as much as you can.” Taylor Dayton generously shared her study materials with me, which included a box of various books, practice tests, and some notes. I don’t have an undergraduate in engineering, so I thought a comprehensive review book was a good option to make sure I saw all the possible topics. I worked my way through the entire book (PE Environmental Review by Lindeburg), then about a month before the test, I switched to practice problems. I also used flash cards to drill general info and problem types I was consistently missing. In hindsight, I think it would have been more time-efficient to focus on the problems and then read up on topics that weren’t feeling familiar rather than reading the entire book. Problems force you to engage with key concepts in a different way.

What should a person gearing up to do this know about the mental, physical, and social challenges of test prep?

For most people, studying is a significant time commitment which will likely impact all other areas of your life. It is important to set your own expectations and get the other significant people in your life onboard with what your studying is going to look like. My studying experience was largely impacted by COVID – I didn’t have to cut back on socializing in a significant way since I was already at my maximum Zoom capacity.

Mentally, you have to find a time when you are able study productively. This will look different for everyone – I was a hybrid after work and weekend studier. Physically, I was studying while concurrently training to cycle across Washington. I think the physical activity provided an important mental break. I benefitted from multiple routine activities reinforcing each other.

Walk us through the Big Test Day…

I woke up early enough to have time to have a good breakfast and coffee and allow for traffic on the way to the testing center, but not so early that I had any time to review or extra time to work up any nerves. The Environmental PE test is administered at standard testing centers, so there is the usual review of how to check in and out and use the computer. As I was working through the problems, I kept track of the ones I was confident in, those that I was less confident in, and those that I had to guess on. I had some extra time when I was done, so I reviewed all problems I was less confident in and some of the others as well. Overall, the test felt easier than I expected. On the way home, I celebrated with a cookie. That night before bed, I did not review my flashcards and that felt like relief.

How did you feel when you got the results?

While studying for the PE exam, Ida was also planning a cross-state bike trip. She and her dad and uncle rode from Seattle to Idaho over 6 days along the Palouse to Cascades Trail and smaller country roads. This picture is on PCT either along Keechelus Lake or Lake Easton (hard to keep track on the trail). She was on the trail when she found out she’d passed the exam.

I was delighted. I did a victory cartwheel even though I had biked 70 miles that day. The test results were supposed to be ready in about 10 days, so I had been checking my email even though I was on a bike trip and generally like to eschew email while on vacation.

What lessons did you learn that you’d want others to know?

I believe I could have achieved the same result (passing) with less studying. I think I was so concerned about the possibility of not passing that I didn’t weight the opportunity cost of the amount of studying I was doing.

Washington requires an application and Board approval to even register for the test. I put this off until the 11th hour and the application process was more work than I expected and consequently more frustrating than it needed to be. I’d say as soon as you’re thinking about taking the test, get the application out of the way.

Aspect at 20

The story of our first two decades

Aspect Consulting is proud to reach our milestone 20th anniversary.  You – our clients, stakeholders, and team – are the reason we’re here today. Twenty years ago, Aspect started from a handful of staff and today we’re over 120 colleagues across 8 PNW Pacific Northwest offices. Thank you for being our beacon for Earth+Water client services to light the way.

Together with our clients, we are a union, invested in tackling the rising complexities of land and water resources in the Pacific Northwest and throughout the West. To celebrate, we created this “Story Map” highlighting Aspect’s journey over the years.


We continue to look ahead, laying the groundwork for a future where we work together – colleagues, clients, and community – to improve this region we call home. Thank you for partnering with us and helping Aspect thrive.

Forward together,

Tim Flynn
President & Managing Member


Years in the Making, the Bellingham Waterfront Celebrates Significant Cleanup Milestone

Like many working waterfronts across the country, Bellingham has undergone years of effort to clean up contamination and turn historical industrial sites into useful properties for the community. After more than a decade of study and adjacent cleanups, the former Georgia-Pacific [GP] Paper Mill cleanup site (“GP West site”), the centerpiece of Bellingham’s burgeoning Waterfront District redevelopment, is poised to deal with its biggest contamination culprit – liquid mercury.

The Chlor-Alkali area is one of the trickiest cleanups of the entire Bellingham waterfront, and over a decade in the making. Photo Credit: WA Department of Ecology

The Chlor-Alkali area is one of the trickiest cleanups of the entire Bellingham waterfront, and over a decade in the making.

Photo Credit: WA Department of Ecology

A Plan in Place for one of Bellingham’s Trickiest Sites

There are a dozen cleanup sites within and along the shorelines of Bellingham Bay—by any measure, the 67-acre GP West site is likely the trickiest and most complex upland (adjacent to the shoreline/water) cleanup project of them all. To tackle the cleanup, the site was divided into halves. The half referred to as the Pulp and Tissue Mill Remedial Action Unit (RAU) was successfully remediated in 2016, allowing for the start of the Waterfront District build out including construction of the award-winning Waypoint Park. The other half of the site, known as the Chlor-Alkali Remedial Action Unit (RAU), is where the mercury lies, making it far more challenging to clean up.

Waypoint Park is thriving, with families and businesses returning to the waterfront. The Chlor-Alkali parcel is adjacent to this and will see marine industry expand and flourish when cleanup is complete.

Photo Credit: City of Bellingham

Now, after years of intense investigation and planning work, the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) and the Port of Bellingham (Port) have finalized a Cleanup Action Plan for the Chlor-Alkali RAU.

Liquid Mercury is a Subsurface Challenge

The site’s mercury is an unwelcome residual from historical production of chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide (caustic) used to bleach pulp in the former GP mill’s papermaking process. Some of that mercury was released into the ground, as was some of the caustic manufactured in the process.

The mercury ‘culprit’ in the GP West subsurface for this historical paper mill site, where mercury was used in the paper-making process

Remediation crews supervising the excavation of 4,400 tons of contaminated soil removed from the site

Liquid mercury has the unique and unfortunate chemical properties of being both highly volatile and 13 times denser than water. The releases of the caustic in the same area increased the pH of the groundwater, which increased the mercury’s solubility and its ability to migrate in groundwater, allowing it to spread hundreds of feet from where the releases historically occurred. These factors, interspersed into the maze of foundation piles, beams, and other subsurface structures that remain from the former mill, make remediation of the Chlor-Alkali RAU a supremely challenging task. Additional details regarding the site’s contaminants and cleanup are available on Ecology’s webpage

A Milestone for Reviving the Waterfront

The complex Cleanup Action Plan includes a combination of removing some contaminated soil; chemically treating (stabilization/solidification) some soil in place to keep mercury from leaching further; treating groundwater to restore near-neutral conditions that will limit mercury mobility; capping some areas of lower-level contamination; and lots of monitoring throughout to assure the cleanup goals are met.

It will take several years to complete the plan’s tasks and bring the Chlor-Alkali RAU site back into productive use for the Port’s marine trade businesses. But for now, the Port and Ecology’s completion of the Chlor-Alkali Cleanup Action Plan is a momentous milestone to celebrate. It’s a significant piece of the puzzle to complete the recovery of this beautiful part of Bellingham’s waterfront.

For more information contact Principal Hydrogeologist Steve Germiat.

The Path to Professional License: Amelia Oates, LG

In the science and engineering industry, seeing a “PE”, “LG”, “PMP”, or other initials behind someone’s name shows that person went through years of work experience that culminated in a substantial test to confirm the right to practice their area of technical expertise. Many go through this licensing journey but few outside that group know what the process is really like.

We’re telling those stories here. Aspect’s professionals are writing a series of articles that capture the trials and successes of studying for and receiving these career-defining milestones.

Amelia Oates, Licensed Geologist (LG)

Test: Originally scheduled for March 2020 – test taken on October 20, 2020.

Awarded: November 25, 2020

Amelia Backpacking in Cispus Basin

Amelia Backpacking in Cispus Basin

Where did you start with your test prep?

I was originally scheduled to sit for the test on March 20, 2020. I was lucky enough to sign up to take it with a couple of my friends from grad school and we formed a study group, which made the whole experience a lot easier.

My first step was to gather all that info and wrap my head around it. I had the review course the National Association of State Boards of Geology (ASBOG) offers and their review book and accompanying practice test booklets, which circulate around to the aspiring geologists in Aspect’s Seattle office. I was lucky to have it; it had a lot of personalized touches from those who’d used it before – old flash cards and other helpful pointers.

Next I took the practice tests to gauge where I was at with the material. If I was really deficient in one area, I focused on that for my studies rather than that material I already knew and was already practicing in my day-to-day work.

How did COVID affect your test prep?

March 2020 was a super unknown moment – we were just about to be in COVID lockdown. The week of the test, Washington State put into effect the mandate that no group over 50 people could meet in person. Uncertain about what would happen, we frantically emailed ASBOG, who also run the test.

Two days before the exam, they announced that the test had been cancelled until further notice. That was jarring. We’d just spent so much time studying; we had been at it every weekend from January to March. The test is only offered twice a year, so they moved us all to October 2020.

How did you feel when you found out you’d be taking the test months later than expected? How did it change your study tactics?

I was mad. I had scheduled my test intentionally so I wouldn’t have to waste a beautiful Seattle summer studying, but then I was forced to do that anyway. I put off studying until about August, when I resumed reviewing the material in earnest – every night of the work week plus one weekend day.

Most of the general concepts I quickly recalled from my previous round of studying, but I found I needed to brush up on some of the finer details. Also, in the time between March and October 2020, I’d done a lot more intense technical hydrogeologic work at Aspect, where I was actually using the calculations in the example problems in real-world situations. That really helped clarify and solidify some fundamentals I needed for the test.

What was the best piece(s) of advice you got from others who’d done this before?

There’s a great collective of people at Aspect and in my cohort of grad school colleagues that had gone through this before. Getting their take on the test was really helpful. I heeded their advice to take the practice tests to set my standard, then grade myself to see how I did, take another midway through studying, then take one more right before the exam. These were good check-ins to focus my studies.

I also learned there are people who I respect as geologists who didn’t pass the test the first time. That was a serious turning point in my studying journey and showed me the importance of giving myself some grace in the moment, especially with COVID. I was able to step back and not be too hard on myself, no matter the outcome. I reassured myself, “If you don’t pass in October, it’s ok. This year has been so much more difficult than expected, and at least you tried.”

What should a person gearing up to do this know about the mental, physical, and social challenges of test prep?

Mentally, you need to prepare yourself to ingest a lot of knowledge. Some of it you may be learning for the first time, some of it you might just be refreshing, but you have to make time and space for that in your life. Prioritizing the studying over backpacking or other trips was initially a let-down, but ultimately helped me stay focused. I also enjoyed making a routine of studying—it helped me say no to social engagements and focus on the task at hand.

I was definitely physically stressed out during my year-long studying endeavor. When I was doing the bulk of my studying, I had a lighter workload with more flexibility. But the second time around, likely as a result of general COVID stress, I could tell my body was tense. Prioritizing walks, bike rides and runs here and there to clear my mind, and nourishing my body with all my favorite study snacks made everything much better.  

Study Graphic_Amelia.png

Thankfully, I was able to socialize as part of my test prep with my friend group, which was so beneficial to me through all of it. Zoom study sessions took the place of our pre-COVID 3 to 6 hours Sunday sessions, and having people to commiserate about the COVID parts of the experience was especially helpful.

Walk us through the Big Test Day…

The test was at the Red Lion hotel in Olympia. We checked in, they took our temperature and went over the protocols—a combination of COVID considerations and not-cheating-on-your-test considerations. There were about 30 other people in the room with us. We had to wear our masks and we were socially distanced at long tables, more than 6 feet apart. The social distancing and mask wearing was a different level of physical tax I wouldn’t have considered before 2020, and it brought a heightened level of awareness to every sniffle or cough in the testing facility.

The test is a four-hour exam. You have a calculator, a protractor, a pencil, some scrap paper, and that’s it. You have those four hours to answer to answer around 150 questions, on a classic Scantron. A lot of the test prep resources tell you to go through the whole test first, answer the questions you know, then go back to the ones you struggled with. I did this, but if there was a problem that I could narrow down to two answers, I just picked the one that seemed most logical. There were a few I was really unsure of that I skipped and came back to. I ended up finishing the whole thing about 20 minutes from the end.

After the test, we waited for each other in the parking lot and hung out with others who had also just taken the test. It was weird standing in the parking lot debriefing about what we’d just been through and asking each other what questions others found easy or challenging versus our own experience, especially given we seen this many people in the same place in months.

How did you feel when you got the results?

When the test was over, I immediately felt like I had failed. I remember thinking, “Oh, that was terrible!”  and feeling really despondent knowing how bad it would be to have to take the whole thing over again, given all the time I put into it. There were some questions where I thought, “Oh, wow ok, I could probably have studied a little bit harder.” Questions on concepts that I had never taken classes in or had struggled with before seemed more frequent than I wanted them to be. So I thought for sure, 100 percent, that I’d failed. 

It took a little over a month to get the results. I was out in the field at an excavation, and my friends who I’d sat for the exam with started texting me. They released the results in alphabetical order, so my friend with a last name at the beginning of the alphabet got her results and was trying to temper our expectations. It was two hours of not knowing—but when we all found out and we all passed, it was such a relief.

Any parting advice for those getting ready to take the test?

Be patient and compassionate with yourself through the process. It’s tenuous, and there’s A LOT of material to get through. Setting aside dedicated time each week was really important for my overall success. I recommend being organized, find your routine, and stick to it.

Meet Crystal Lambert and Jane Gregg

Aspect recently welcomed Staff Scientist Crystal Lambert to our Seattle office and Project Geotechnical Engineer Jane Gregg, PE, to our Bellingham office. Here are Five Questions we asked to get to know them better.

Crystal Lambert, Staff Scientist

Crystal admiring some amazing cross-bedding in the rocks at Utah’s Capitol Reef National Park.

Crystal admiring some amazing cross-bedding in the rocks at Utah’s Capitol Reef National Park.

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I’m from North Cove, Washington, which is also known as Washaway Beach, one of the most erosive places on the West Coast. Life circumstances took me to the Midwest after high school and I ended up earning a bachelor’s degree from the University of Minnesota Duluth. After graduating, I was chosen for a Geoscientists-in-the-Parks internship at Timpanogos Cave National Monument studying rockfall hazards. I truly enjoyed my time there and accepted a position at the park the following year. After a season, I decided to pursue a master’s degree at the University of Washington and came back to Washington full time. I graduated in late 2020 after creating a detailed geologic map for my thesis.  

2. What inspired you to pursue geology? What made you curious about it?

I’ve always been fascinated by geologic processes. I think it comes from growing up in such a dynamic environment. I can’t remember a time when I wasn’t interested in geology!

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

I love trying to solve the puzzle. I enjoy finding a landform, sediment, or rock and trying to figure out how it got there. I also like thinking about how it might erode or change in the future.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

I’m a bit of a homebody most weekends, but I do love to get out into the outdoors and go rockhounding for interesting minerals or fossils. I also adore National Parks and have spent quite a bit of time in Utah exploring the fantastic geology of their public lands.

5. Where would your dream house be located?

I like to picture my ultimate dream house somewhere in the Pacific Northwest, located on at least 10 wooded acres with a small clearing around the house itself and a view of mountains and the ocean. The house would be set far enough back that I wouldn’t have to worry about coastal erosion. I don’t think this place exists, but for me that’s the dream!

Jane Gregg, Project Geotechnical Engineer

Jane backcountry skiing in Callaghan Country, BC. If you find yourself there, she recommends Journeyman’s Lodge.

Jane backcountry skiing in Callaghan Country, BC. If you find yourself there, she recommends Journeyman’s Lodge.

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I’m originally from Houghton, which is the fifth largest city in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan with a population of 7,384! I went to college at the University of Michigan, where I met my now husband. After we graduated, he found a tech job out here and we made the move. The choice was easy considering it was between Seattle, San Francisco, and New York City! I’ve always been interested in the Pacific Northwest.

2. What inspired you to pursue geotechnical engineering? What made you curious about it?

I always wanted to be an engineer! My father was a geologist and loved to teach us about different rocks, minerals, and formations. Choosing geotechnical engineer felt right and has been exciting. I don’t think I could have found a more fitting profession for myself.

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

There’s no one thing that I like best. I love constantly learning, performing technical analyses, working with teams and clients, training junior staff, and getting outside to play in the dirt.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

Mountain bike, ski (every type), bake sourdough bread, and spend time with my weird cats!

5. If you had to choose a superpower, what would it be?

My gut says teleportation - as long as I could reach anywhere on the globe, have the ability to take a few people and duffle bags with me, and arrive safely.

Riverbank: Quickbooks for Water Managers

Riverbank Logo.png

In ‘water-short’ basins and agricultural centers, many Pacific Northwest water managers – e.g., counties, PUDs, irrigation districts, cities --  wrestle with how to accurately measure water used to meet a range of development, agricultural, and habitat goals. In Washington State, the $300M 2018 Streamflow Restoration Act was the trigger that changed how cities, counties and others track rural water use, pushing water managers to ‘account’ for water in rural building projects and water that can be saved for fish and streams. Aspect developed Riverbank, a cloud-based water accounting application, to make it easier to manage, evaluate, and keep track of the water balance sheet.

Spreadsheets Aren’t Adequate for Managing Critical Water Use Data

Riverbank provides the transparency and reliability to radically cut the time water managers take to do water accounting math and reporting

The ‘old’ tools like Excel are ill-equipped to deal with accounting complexities such as managing different mitigation sources across drainage basins (e.g., trust water rights), and variable accounting rules/logic (e.g., consumptive use). Add to that the inherent risk of tracking mission-critical data inside a spreadsheet, and this can be a frustrating, expensive, and precarious process for a water manager trying to meet water management guidelines and business needs.

Enter Riverbank—A cloud-based application for managing the water balance sheet

The Riverbank application is a web-based accounting system that is wired into other workflows (like permitting processes and GIS) to meet the myriad reporting and planning needs that water managers have. It's tooled to the very specific conditions of water accounting at a basin-scale and developed to support the "living ledger" requirements that allow agencies to keep track of and report out on where they stand relative to resource/growth management requirements.

Riverbank provides an easy-to-use and share summary of water use accounting across subbasins and water reserves.

Water Banking and ‘Mitigation’ is the Future

Most PNW basins are over-appropriated during the summer when demand for water continues to expand and ‘mitigation’ is here to stay.  Water banking (using water stored or held in trust to mitigate for new demand) is likely the future for public agencies needing to serve additional customers (counties, PUDs, irrigation districts, cities) and for private developers wishing to  build new properties.  However, mitigation only works if it is tracked and reported.

Links for Foster and Hirst cases.

Links for Foster and Hirst cases.

Visualizing Rural Water Use in Chelan and Okanagan Counties

Riverbank provides the transparency and reliability to radically cut the time water managers take to do water accounting math and reporting. Chelan County and Okanagan County currently use Riverbank to meet permit-exempt well tracking responsibilities required by the Washington State Department of Ecology.

With Riverbank, thousands of parcels served by permit-exempt wells are tracked and visualized -- including details on associated building permits, irrigation water supplies, additional dwelling units, and more. GIS technology in Riverbank allows the system to automatically assign basin-specific accounting rules and water use assumptions to each parcel.

Contact Senior Data Scientist Blair Deaver or Associate Data Scientist Parker Wittman to learn more about how Riverbank can help you.

Groundbreaking Ground Improvements for Seattle Affordable Housing

Construction at Mt. Baker Housing Association’s Maddux Development is underway—the beginning of the end of a project that is bringing 203 units of affordable housing to Seattle’s Mt. Baker neighborhood. It features an innovative partnership between MBHA and Ecology as the first project under Ecology’s Healthy Housing program to help fund the environmental cleanup of future affordable housing sites. It also features a first-in-Seattle use of a ground improvement technique called displacement rigid inclusions to address the site’s challenging geology and the project’s limited budget.

Drilling the displacement rigid inclusions columns.

Drilling the displacement rigid inclusions columns.

Soil Liquefaction Muddies Building Design

The land under the new Maddux buildings consists of very loose fill soils that lie on top of glacial recessional deposits – a hodgepodge of loose soils left behind as the last glaciers retreated from the Puget Sound area thousands of years ago. Under that are stiffer soils that were consolidated by the weight of the glacier. The loose soils are saturated by groundwater that lies on top of it unable to infiltrate into the harder soil underneath.

During an earthquake, the saturated, loosely packed grains of soils at the Maddux site could be shaken to a point where the elevated water pressure within the pore spaces increases the space between grains and causes the soil to lose strength and flow like a liquid in a process called liquefaction.

Think of wiggling your toes in the sand while standing on a beach near where the waves come in—the Maddux site soils would respond in similar fashion. When the shaking starts, the loose soils would become even weaker and any foundation bearing weight on them would settle, crack, and potentially collapse. Structures on sites like Maddux require particular design for seismic conditions in order to be built safely.

Weak Soils Get an Automatic F

The building code divides the soils at sites into six classes – ranging from A (strong rock)  to F (weak, loose, liquefiable soils) – based on the characteristics of the upper 100 feet of soil from the base of any future building. These site classes set the parameters for how a building must be designed to respond to strong shaking from earthquakes.

The building code rates sites with any amount of soils at risk of liquefaction as Site Class F. Building on Site Class F sites usually requires either deep foundations or ground improvement—both of which are more expensive than conventional shallow foundations. The building itself can also be more expensive, since building on weaker soils often requires more steel and other materials. And for an affordable housing project like this one, cost is a critical factor to the viability of the project.

Conscious of these cost concerns, Aspect’s geotechnical team started to investigate the most effective foundation design for building on a Site Class F site such as Maddux. In a nutshell: It’s complicated.

Design vs. Complex Site Geology vs. Costs

This figure shows the varying elevations of bearing layer –soils that can safely bear the weight of a building foundation – at the Maddux site.

The land the Maddux site is on has been through a lot. The last glacier left not just weak soils but left them at wildly varying depths. You can drill at one spot and reach stiffer soils within a few feet of the surface, then move over 10 feet, drill again, and have the strong glacial soils be 15 or more feet further down.

Add to this the legacy contamination from former dry cleaners and a gas station that has since spread throughout the soil and groundwater. Excavation to remove contaminated soil was already part of the site’s environmental plan, but to extend that excavation to remove all the soft and liquefiable soils in addition to all the contaminated soils would have required more digging, deeper shoring, and more off-site soil disposal – and a lot more money. We also needed to make sure whatever ground improvement we used didn’t interfere with our environmental team’s remediation plan.

Whatever the method, we wanted it to be as cost-effective as possible. Ecology’s funding for the Maddux development only covers the environmental remediation. Any expense for building foundations is the responsibility of MBHA, which as a nonprofit has limited funding. Our geotechnical team carefully weighed the costs versus benefits of several options. For example, conventional deep auger cast piles, which are often used at sites like Maddux, are relatively inexpensive to install, but they require a lot of concrete and steel to construct, adding more to the cost of materials. They also don’t improve the ground around the piles; the class rating would still be an F, which increases the cost of the building itself.

Displacement Rigid Inclusions to Raise the Grade

As we weighed the factors, it became apparent that displacement rigid inclusions were the most appropriate and cost-effective technique for the site. Rigid inclusions are a ground improvement method that use columns of concrete to transfer the weight of a structure through loose soils down to more competent bearing soils below, thereby reducing potential damage from liquefaction.

What made the ground improvement for the Maddux project unique in the Seattle area was the use of displacement rigid inclusions. Displacement rigid inclusions are a type of rigid inclusion that involve specialty tooling that densifies the soil around each column. The act of drilling the columns “displaces” the ground around it. The soil between the columns is pushed together and becomes denser, thereby reducing the chance it will liquefy during an earthquake. Displacement rigid inclusions provide structural support for the building with the same element that is used to mitigate liquification.

Tests to Pass the SDCI Test

There aren’t many chances to test seismic design—the Seattle area hasn’t experienced a “design-level” earthquake, one with the magnitude we are designing our buildings for, in hundreds of years, so it can be hard to predict exactly how a building will respond. Instead, engineers study what has happened during other earthquakes under similar circumstances. We can then apply that understanding to safely develop innovative techniques to protect against earthquakes at more problematic sites like Maddux. To use displacement rigid inclusions for the Maddux project, the design required approval from the City of Seattle. Displacement rigid inclusions had never been used before to change the site class of a project in Seattle.

During design, we conducted cone penetrometer tests (CPTs) to determine the soils’ geotechnical engineering properties plus extensive laboratory tests on the soils. We worked with specialty ground improvement contractor Condon Johnson to assess whether the soils would respond to the displacement the way we thought they could. From those tests, the detailed ground improvement design was established including the spacing of each column needed to effectively strengthen the soil between columns.

Our team met regularly with Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections (SDCI) to present our design approach. Conservative estimates were developed for how much densification would be possible in the site soils. We found that the ground improvement could be designed to achieve adequate densification to eliminate liquefaction risk –and thus raise the site class.

SDCI approved the approach during design, but all was contingent on the results of verification testing after the rigid inclusions were installed. If we installed the columns and performed more CPTs that showed enough improvement in the soil strength, they would give final approval.

Installing the Columns

We started installing the displacement rigid inclusion columns at the Maddux site at the beginning of 2021. The drilling required specialty displacement auger tooling, and because this technique isn’t used much in this area, the driller had to bring the displacement auger up from California.

Displacement rigid inclusion installation in early 2021 at the Maddux site

Displacement rigid inclusion installation in early 2021 at the Maddux site

A cage of rebar is set in place after the column is filled with concrete.

A cage of rebar is set in place after the column is filled with concrete.

The displacement auger drilled 18-inch-diameter columns down through the weaker soils and into the underlying dense glacially overridden soil layer. As the auger pulled out, it pumped concrete into the void created by the auger pushing soil to the side. The concrete itself is under pressure, which pushed out the soil even more, which aides in densification. Once the auger was fully removed, a “cage” of rebar could then be lowered in to reinforce the concrete once it cures.

In all, there were 249 columns drilled at Maddux North and 219 at Maddux South, each placed about 5 feet apart center to center, installed over two months.

The Results

Once the displacement rigid inclusions were installed, we completed another round of CPTs to physically verify that we achieved the level of densification we predicted in design. Results from the post-treatment CPTs showed the displacement rigid inclusions had worked even better than we thought. Our team delivered the data to the City that showed the soils at Maddux were no longer liquifiable.

Aspect, as the geotechnical engineer of record, then gave the recommendation that the site class could change. This opinion was backed by the robust quality controls we used during construction, documentation of the verification CPTs, and post-treatment liquefaction analyses showing the liquefaction risk had been removed.

The Site Class at Maddux was raised from an ‘F’ to a ‘D’. A ‘D’ rating allowed for the structures to be designed using less materials, therefore saving money on construction costs.

The Maddux project represents a successful use of an innovative ground improvement technique on a complicated site in conjunction with an extensive environmental cleanup. See the Maddux ‘Story Map’ for more context on the project.

The Nooksack Adjudication: A Pivotal Washington State Water Story

In Fall 2020, after decades of unresolved conflict, Washington State made a decision to initiate a “general adjudication” on a key Northwest Washington watershed – the Nooksack basin in Whatcom and Skagit Counties. This means that thousands of water right users will be formally evaluated. What does this mean? In a word certainty. Certainty for the State of Washington, Tribal governments, and the water users themselves. Why is this happening now? It’s the most common water story in the West – there’s just not enough water to go around.

The Nooksack watershed is one of two areas (WRIA 58, including Lake Roosevelt, was the other one) recommended for adjudication.

The Nooksack watershed is one of two areas (WRIA 58, including Lake Roosevelt, was the other one) recommended for adjudication.

Adjudication – What is it?

An adjudication is a binding court Decree by the state whose end result is a comprehensive inventory of valid water rights. Put in simple terms it means that an Adjudication Court, with support from the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), will methodically review all water uses in the watershed and confirm each water right has ‘valid’ water uses.

Why Now: What’s happening in Northwest Washington?

More rural development. Unquantified Tribal water rights. More water needs for agriculture in a growing part of the Pacific Northwest. Keeping water in the stream for fish. These competing demands often emerge as ‘whose water is this?’ battles in water rights. In Skagit and Whatcom counties, the adjudication is looking to bring certainty; however, there’s a lot of differing opinions on how to get there.

The Second Biggest Adjudication in Washington State History

Washington State is a ‘first in time first in right’ state for water law. Another way of saying it is if you were there first in using water, you are at the head of the line. That line can extend over a century in Washington state, and over generations if the water right passes on via property transfers. The Nooksack adjudication is potentially very big in scale.

The biggest one was in Yakima, and that took over 40 years to resolve including six Supreme Court cases. The schedule for the Nooksack will hopefully be more compressed, and Ecology plans to try out several time-saving shortcuts to make the process more streamlined.

Here to help as the State’s Preeminent Water Rights Firm

Aspect has consulted on literally thousands of water rights in Washington state in the last 10 years. We have also been involved in Nooksack water resources for more than a decade, including helping to lead the most recent watershed planning in 2021. We are looking forward to working with Nooksack water users.

Learn more here: www.nooksackadjudication.com

Meet Daniel Chang and Ryan Mullen

Aspect recently welcomed Daniel Chang to our Seattle office and Ryan Mullen to our Bellingham office. Here are Five Questions we asked to get to know them better.

Daniel Chang, Staff Engineer

Yellowstone Grand Prismatic Spring! During my post-graduation road trip in Fall 2020

Yellowstone Grand Prismatic Spring! During my post-graduation road trip in Fall 2020

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I was born and raised in Johnson City, Tennessee, but I knew that I wanted to explore outside of the Southeast post-college. After spending the summer of 2019 in Seattle for an internship, I knew I had to come back to enjoy the city and all the nature the Pacific Northwest has to offer.

 2. What inspired you to pursue water resources engineering? What made you curious about it?

I have always been a swimmer, so I like to think my interest in water came from that experience in the sport. Spending 20+ hours a week swimming is plenty of time to think about where this tank of water is coming from, what is in the water, and the occasional thought of the absurdity of swimming in a massive tank of water in the center of cities facing drought. The interest grew through courses in college learning about global challenges with water access, supply, and quality—all of which I am excited to tackle in my career.

 3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

I love the general idea of working “behind the scenes” for a resource that the general population takes for granted in our daily lives. We often have the privilege to not think about where our water comes from, or what is in it, so I enjoy investigating all of that under the surface and at the source.

 4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

COVID proved to me that I am truly an extrovert. When I am not working, I love to be with friends doing anything from re-watching guilty pleasure movies/TV shows for the 50th time, cooking (and eating!) massive feasts, or exploring nature in my journey to become a true PNWer. For the immediate though, I am currently training for swimming the Olympic trials in June 2021 for a final swan song to my swim career!

 5. What five people would be your dream dinner party guests?

To get the perfect balance of conversation, comedy, and cuisine, I present my dream dinner party roster: Gordon Ramsey (to roast/maybe compliment my food), Meryl Streep (for the high class feeling), Adele (for some giggles and maybe live performance), Bill Nye (for the fun facts), and Mindy Kaling (for great laughs).

Ryan Mulllen, Staff Geologist 

Mountain biking the 100-mile White Rim loop in Canyonlands National Park, UT

Mountain biking the 100-mile White Rim loop in Canyonlands National Park, UT

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I am a Pacific Northwest native. I moved away from Washington after high school and spent the last seven years in southwest Colorado. I recently moved back here to be closer to family, water, and bigger mountains. 

2. What inspired you to pursue hydrogeology? What made you curious about it?

I grew up spending summers swimming on Lake Washington and skiing down the glaciers of Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens. Spending time on water was always a big part of my life. It was not until I moved to Colorado that I began to understand how important (and scarce) water can be.

I studied physical and historical geology during my undergraduate degree and was fortunate to have gone to school in a unique geographic environment where 500 million years of geologic time was on display in the cliffs and valleys across from campus. I witnessed the distribution and movement of water across these landscapes and saw how seasons of extreme drought and catastrophic flooding impacted the community. 

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated? 

The work is always interesting and varied, allowing me to be involved in many different types of projects. Hydrogeology encompasses a range of disciplines and each project has its own set of challenges that require innovative solutions. 

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working? 

Generally, just about anything besides relaxing. I typically try to pack in as many adventures as I can after work hours and on the weekends. Lately I have been pursuing trail running, climbing, paragliding, skiing, and mountain biking. My wife and dog often get persuaded into joining my overambitious exploits. When I do find some downtime, I enjoy cooking, photography, reading, and sipping on a tasty sour beer while planning for the next adventure. 

5. Where in the world would you like to travel next?

My wife and I dream of touring Europe by paraglider someday. On the more practical side, we are looking forward to exploring the mountains of the North Cascades, BC, and Alaska, hopefully this summer. 

Reaching a Milestone for an Innovative Seattle Affordable Housing Project

The Maddux is a 200+ unit affordable housing project in Seattle that has been years in the making. After almost five years of work -- the environmental cleanup is essentially complete.

This project, in South Seattle’s Mt. Baker neighborhood, sat unused for decades. The culprit? Petroleum releases from an old gas station and solvent leaks from a former dry cleaner that severely affected soil and groundwater beneath the Site. The contamination issues prevented nearly all potential developers from touching these properties – the cleanup cost and environmental liability, which stretched across many properties, were just too much to manage.

Taking on One of the Most Challenging Sites in the City

Yet, Aspect’ s clients, Mt. Baker Housing Association, along with Perkins Coie, Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), and the City of Seattle saw an opportunity to build a new concept to turn brownfields into cleaned-up affordable housing.

Construction Begun with Move-in Anticipated in 2022

The earthworks, building design and construction team includes: Aspect, Beacon Development Group, Mithun, Coughlin Porter Lundeen and many others.

Some reasons why this project has happened:

  • Affordable Housing need in Seattle is great and this project commits to 200+ units near a walkable light rail station and within a mile of downtown Seattle.

  • Ecology provided “seed money” in support of an innovative idea – why not turn these blighted properties that no one would touch into affordable housing? A win for the environment, a win for the neighborhood, a win for housing, a win for transit and connection to downtown.

  • Ecology took the MBHA/Aspect/Perkins Coie innovative idea and created a new ‘Brownfield’ funding program (the Healthy Housing Program) because of this project to help affordable housing agencies develop prime real estate that has been overlooked.

  • But this isn’t all. The properties could liquefy in an earthquake. So, Aspect and the City of Seattle worked to design and permit a first-of-its-kind ‘earthquake proofing’ foundation system to facilitate economical, and safe, redevelopment of the property.

Construction Begun with Move-in Anticipated for 2022

  • The foundation engineering is ongoing as of Spring 2021.

  • The public will soon see the building “coming out of the ground” with anticipated move-in date in 2022 for families in the area.

Check out this ‘Story Map’ of the past 5 years of work to date:

The Path to Professional License: Mari Otto, PE

In the science and engineering industry, seeing a “PE”, “LG”, “PMP”, or other initials behind someone’s name shows that person went through years of work experience that culminated in a substantial test to confirm the right to practice their area of technical expertise. A professional license is a proof statement that communicates that the people charged with designing roads and buildings; solving water supply challenges; cleaning up contaminated soil and water; and successfully managing project quality are qualified and ethically accountable professionals. Many go through this licensing journey but few outside that group know what the process is really like.

We’re telling those stories here. Aspect’s professionals are writing a series of articles that capture the trials and successes of studying for and receiving these career-defining milestones.

Mari Otto, Professional Engineering License

Test: October 2020

Awarded: December 2020

Mari on the Skyline trail at Mt. Ranier

Mari on the Skyline trail at Mt. Ranier

Where did you start with your test prep?

I started thinking about my PE test early in 2020 when I was making my New Year’s resolutions (Item 1: pass the PE). I did a bunch of Googling to see what people were saying about the exam – there’s a lot out there (Editor’s note: including Aspect’s own License Prep Series!) Some people say you need 300-400 hours of study, some people say you barely need to study at all – it was a little overwhelming, but I figured I could find a happy middle somewhere.

I spent some time outlining everything I’d need for my test application and researching study materials. The Washington State Board of Registration requires you to submit an application with an engineering law review exam, proof of experience (including transcripts from school and an experience verification form signed by a supervisor PE), and pay an application fee before you are approved for the exam. I decided to get my application in and buy my study materials early (like, in July) so later on I could focus just on studying. I’m grateful that Aspect is very supportive of the PE process and I was able to expense all my study materials and application fee. Thanks Aspect!

I started studying in earnest in late August 2020 for my exam on October 23, 2020.

What was the best piece(s) of advice you got from others who’d done this before?

  • Do as many practice exams as you can.

  • Do the actual test in passes:

Pass 1 = Go through the entire exam and answer the questions you know how to answer quickly.

Pass 2 = Go through the exam again and answer the questions you know how to answer but will take more time.

Pass 3 = Review any remaining questions.

This strategy helped me because I wasn’t panicking during the exam. I could look at my answer key and have a good idea of what my percentage score would be for that portion of the exam. Building up my score early on helped reduce anxiety as the clock ran down.

What should a person gearing up to do this know about the mental, physical, and social challenges of test prep?

I initially tried studying after work so I could keep my weekends free. That plan unraveled pretty quickly. It just wasn’t sustainable for me to work a full day and then hit the books. If you can make that work for you, then great! But go into it knowing that unless you’re a superstar time manager, you’ll probably have to give up at least some of your weekends to studying. That being said, I found it was really important for me to rest between long study sessions.

My schedule generally followed this timeline:

  • Saturday: Practice exam (full 8-hour practice test)

  • Sunday: Rest day – go on a nature walk or do a water activity

  • Throughout the week: light practice problems if schedule allows

  • Saturday and Sunday: ~4 hours study sessions to review practice exam and study weak material. Prep for another practice exam the next week.

  • Repeat

I’m lucky that the people in my life had just the right mix of being understanding of my study schedule and being pushy enough to drag me outside every once in a while.

Walk us through the Big Test Day…

The test was in Puyallup, so I got a hotel nearby and got a good night’s rest before the exam. I woke up early and did some light stretches and ate some yogurt and fruits. I made sure that I had my lunch packed and that I had plenty of water and granola bar snacks.

I felt pretty well-prepared for the exam from all my practice exams, so I just took my time and did my best. It actually wasn’t too bad. During lunch, I had a great big salad and took a walk around the neighborhood and listened to a podcast. I made friends with a neighborhood cat on my lunch walk, so that felt auspicious.

After the exam, I drove home and had vegetarian burgers and beer and just chilled. It was great. I then took that Friday off for a long weekend trip down to the Oregon coast for some surfing.

How did you feel when you got the results?

I did my best to put the test out of my mind after taking it, knowing that it would be a couple months before I got my results. When I finally got my results in December and saw that green “Pass” icon, I felt a huge sense of relief and gratefulness – I could relax! It was the middle of a winter week during COVID-times, so I really went wild with my celebrations – I spent the evening drinking peanut butter whisky and watching Schitt’s Creek.

Mari study graphic.jpg

Any parting advice for those getting ready to take the PE?

  1. Lots of people love to talk about the PE and share their experience / give advice. I loved hearing people’s stories, but I found it important to not compare myself to others too much, ESPECIALLY when people talk about how many hours they are studying/have studied. You can listen to what worked for others, but in the end, you’ll have to find what works for yourself.

  2. I spent a lot of time at the beginning of my studies trying to do a deep dive into the subjects that would be on the breadth morning exam – it was NOT necessary. When I started doing practice exams, I noticed that the Geotech questions on the breadth exam were really basic. It’s reasonable to assume that the breadth questions for the other subjects would be considered really basic by someone who specializes in that particular subject. Realizing that helped me relax about the breadth exam – I identified common questions using the NCEES Examinee guide (use it - they tell you exactly what kind of questions will be on the exam) and used that to guide my breadth studying. It helped me to not get too into the weeds subjects that were not Geotech.

  3. Do lots of practice exams. The NCEES practice exam is the closest you’ll get to the actual exam. I did that exam at the beginning of my studies in late August and again at the end of my studies the weekend before the exam. I found other practice exams online. I took practice exams every other weekend and tried to simulate exam conditions – quiet environment, 4-hour morning exam, 1-hour lunch break, 4-hour afternoon exam. I even wore my facemask during my later practice exams to make sure I was used to having it on.

  4. In addition to the huge CERM book, I would recommend getting the little CERM Quick Reference. It has 99% of the equations you might need for the morning exam and probably like 60% of the equations you might need for the afternoon exam (at least for Geotech).

From Spokane Railyards to Vital Urban Core: Building the University District

In the past decade alone, the Spokane region has grown by 44,000+ people. The 2nd biggest city in Washington state is seeing an influx of residents and affordable housing is key to meet this need. As one piece to support the growth, “The District” is a 300-unit multifamily development planned for construction in 2021 and adds vital housing and connects Spokane communities.

The future ‘District on the River’ project.

The future ‘District on the River’ project.

Cleaning up a Waterfront Railyard Property

The District project — led by Sagamore Spokane LLC, located in Spokane’s University District — adds 300 units adjacent to the Spokane River. Cleanup actions will be completed prior to redevelopment of this former manufactured gas plant property and railyard area.. Aspect and teaming partners from Perkins Coie, DCI Engineers, Witherspoon Kelley,, and ALSC Architects developed a cleanup approach for the contaminated site allowing for building construction.

A Prospective Purchaser Consent Decree was entered by Sagamore Spokane LLC with the Washington State Department of Ecology for the agreed upon cleanup approach. Aspect and Perkins Coie were instrumental in working with Ecology and the Attorney General’s office to facilitate a pathway for Sagamore to invest in this brownfield redevelopment project.

Adding 300 Units to a New and Walkable University District

The cleanup actions are integrated with the development and will allow for the beneficial reuse of this notable vacant property contaminated by historical manufactured gas plant (MGP) operations. Completion of the cleanup actions will improve protection of human health and the environment, allowing this 300-unit, four-building residential apartment complex, known as the ‘District on the River’, to be completed.

With its prime location near the Spokane River, Ben Burr Trail, Hamilton Street bridge and close by amenities, this is anticipated to be a sought-after livable and walkable area.

Taylor Dayton Presenting on Washington Water Rights - April 14

Aspect Water Resources Engineer Taylor Dayton, PE, will present to the Central Washington University America Water Resources Association student professional chapter on Wednesday, April 14, 2021.

The presentation will explore the history of water law in Washington State, the process for obtaining new water right, the process for changing existing water rights, consumptive use and spreading , water right valuations, and water right holder “musts”.

See Taylor talk about what you’ll learn here:

The Future of Stormwater Management: MuniCon April 5-8 2021 - Part 2

Aspect is looking forward to discussing key stormwater management issues at this year’s Municipal Stormwater Conference April 5-8, 2021. Please join us in four (virtual) sessions where our stormwater team helps lead the discussion of the future of stormwater management in the Pacific Northwest. Please join us for Aspect presentations three and four (the first two Aspect presentations are summarized here)

 Stormwater Infiltration at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport – April 6

Protecting water quality is a key goal for SeaTac Airport’s stormwater program.

Protecting water quality is a key goal for SeaTac Airport’s stormwater program.

Join Tom Atkins, Principal Engineer, for a discussion on SeaTac Airport’s stormwater infiltration program that extends across 1,600 acres  of drainage area flowing into the Puget Sound and three local streams. The Port of Seattle –the steward for SeaTac Airport -- is interested in stormwater infiltration at STIA to achieve NPDES permit LID and flow control requirements along with GSI sustainability goals. Over the past four years infiltration has been investigated through shallow and deep infiltration feasibility assessments to guide the testing, analysis and design of BMPs for future development. This presentation will summarize the challenges, outcomes and tools that this work has produced, and will describe the deep infiltration testing planned for 2021.

How Shoreline Is Integrating ‘Salmon-Safe’ and the NPDES Phase II Permit – April 7 

In 2019, the City of Shoreline was the first in the state to achieve Salmon-Safe certification.

In 2019, the City of Shoreline was the first in the state to achieve Salmon-Safe certification.

Join Bryan Berkompas, Associate Hydrologist, to learn how Shoreline became the first city in Washington to achieve Salmon-Safe certification and how they are incorporating its requirements in City operations. Salmon-Safe guidelines are rigorous but also complimentary with many of the requirements of the NPDES Phase II permit. This presentation will discuss the process of achieving Salmon-Safe certification, the benefits of Salmon-Safe certification, and designing programs that satisfy the requirements of both the Permit and Salmon-Safe.

Women in STEM: Hear How STEM Women Succeed

If you want to hear a discussion that’s well worth your time, check out this engaging roundtable conversation about women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). During Women’s History Month and hosted by Seattle’s Pacific Science Center and moderated by Angela Jones – CEO of Washington STEM – the panel includes Fumbi Chima (Executive at BECU), Eset Alemu (City of Seattle Engineer), Deena Pierott (iUrban Teen and STEM+Arts Executive), and Isabellah von Trapp (Aspect Hydrogeologist).

The conversation discusses finding career paths you love, the excitement of STEM careers, and advice for girls and women in pursuing a career in STEM industries.

What if You Can’t Dig Your Way Out of a Brownfield Cleanup?

Brownfield site cleanups are difficult for construction teams, redevelopment plans, and the community. It’s even harder when you can’t dig and haul the contaminated soil and there’s impacts to groundwater. Aspect’s Adam Griffin and Doug Hillman discuss successful strategies for complicated cleanup sites in this Daily Journal of Commerce article.

Inspecting the Vapor Intrusion Mitigation System at Art Brass Plating in Seattle

Inspecting the Vapor Intrusion Mitigation System at Art Brass Plating in Seattle

Aspect Leads Environmental Oversight for Amazon HQ2

On February 2, 2021, Amazon announced the Phase 2 design proposal for its second headquarters, located in Arlington, Virginia, featuring a blend of sustainable architecture and public green spaces.

Aspect Leads Environmental Oversight

In partnership with Amazon and development manager Seneca Group, Aspect (and our subconsultant, Sanborn Head) is leading environmental due diligence, cleanup, environmental construction oversight, and regulatory strategy on Phase 1 (Metropolitan Park property) and Phase 2 (PenPlace property) of this project, as we have for the past several years.

Sustainable Community-Centric Design

Designed by architecture firm NBBJ, PenPlace, is a ground-up development project that will feature 2.8 million square feet of office space across three 22-story LEED platinum-certified buildings, 2.5 acres of green space accessible to the public, and a mix of restaurants, retail, and community gathering areas. Undoubtedly, the most striking HQ2 landmark will be the glass-encased Helix, a counterpart to Seattle HQ1’s Spheres, where employees can work immersed in nature. The 370,000-square-foot building will be open for public tours and will feature landscaped terrain, walking paths, and vegetation native to the region.

Amazon HQ2.jpg

Phase 1 Metropolitan Park Construction Underway

Adjacent to PenPlace, Amazon’s HQ2 Phase 1, designed by architecture firm ZGF is a development at the Metropolitan Park property that also features a 2.8-acre park, lush tree canopies, and public space. Construction at this site is currently underway and features redevelopment of vacant warehouses into two 22-story sustainable office towers and 65,000 square feet of retail and restaurant spaces. Amazon plans to add 25,000 jobs and invest $2.5 billion in Arlington over the next 10 years.