Getting Outside to Get Beneath the Surface

Seattle and the Puget Sound lowlands have no shortage of stunning mountain and coastline vistas. But if you look closely, there is an equally impressive story being told right beneath your feet, one that makes the region unlike almost anywhere else—and that has tremendous implications for the practice of environmental consulting.

Matthew von der Ahe, Geologist, explains the history and appearance of the Blakely Formation in West Seattle.

“‘It’s more complicated than that’ - I’ll probably end up saying that a lot today.” It’s a brilliant sunny Friday in late May and Matthew von der Ahe, a geologist in Aspect’s Bellingham office and former college geology instructor, has just guided his latest “class” of colleagues to their first stop on a day-long geology field trip. Matthew has been offering these field trips for the last decade to educate colleagues across the firm about the fascinating and often quite complicated geological world we work and live in.

Observing layers of glaciation at Discovery Park.

The day begins with a hike out onto a West Seattle beach, a rare spot where the 35-million-year-old Blakely Formation is visible at the surface. Here, and at other stops around town, the group observes evidence of the fascinating forces that have shaped the Puget Sound lowlands, a unique combination of glaciation and fault activity. Along the way, they see firsthand evidence of the different layers of glacial sedimentation, and gain a better understanding of the context for much of their work, from construction to remediation. One stop in Magnolia, where landslide activity swept three homes into Puget Sound and left another sitting condemned, plainly illustrates how important it is to understand the forces at work at each site.

Seeing the map come to life.

The dynamic nature of this region offers exciting opportunities for geotechnical, environmental, and water resources work, and while there are numerous resources available through a consultant’s laptop, there’s nothing quite like getting out in the field to see how the different facets of this fascinating landscape are connected. “It’s so valuable to see these things you’ve been thinking about,” says Senior Principal Geologist Dave Cook. “You could never see it enough, whether you’re in your third year or your thirtieth.”  Maya Morales-McDevitt, a professional at Gradient, echoed that sentiment: “Experiencing this reminds me of all the possibilities in consulting.”

The day ends on the south slope of Queen Anne, taking in a view of Seattle’s rapidly growing built environment, with Mount Rainier sparkling in the distance. After a day spent in the field, the landscape makes sense in new ways. Everything feels connected. “I keep waiting for someone to say, ‘I can’t believe we’re paying you to do this,” Matthew says, “but instead, they keep saying, ‘I wish you’d do this more.’” You can tell from Matthew’s enthusiasm that he hopes this is the case.

Viewing the elusive Lawton Clay on the beach at Discovery Park.

From Mills to Maritime: Restoring Everett’s Working Waterfront 90 Years Later


Caption: The newly redeveloped Norton Terminal, in the top left of the photo, allows the Port of Everett to double their cargo space and revive this dormant piece of their working waterfront.

Photo Credit: Port of Everett

Decades after pulp and paper mill operations first began on the same spot, the Port of Everett’s Norton Terminal – a new 40-acre marine cargo facility – opened in December 2022 to once again make this piece of Everett’s waterfront a working site. As the first all new cargo terminal on the West Coast since 2009, the Port estimates that terminal will restore almost 1,000 jobs – hundreds of which were lost when the original mill shuttered in 2011 – and help support the nearly 40,000 jobs generated by surrounding seaport operations from the Port and U.S. Naval Station Everett. This restoration success story was over a decade in the making after the mill shut down and left subsurface contamination on-site.

Cleaning Up 90 Years of Pulp and Paper Mill Operations

Caption: Though ownership changed hands throughout the years, this was a steady working mill for over eight decades, up until closure in 2012.

Photo Credit: City of Everett library digital collections

The original mill became operational in the 1920s – milling pulp and creating paper products – and continued active operations until it shut down in 2012. Left on the site were heavy metals and petroleum, including releases from fuel bulk storage facilities that pre-dated the mill. Aspect, working on behalf of the owner, Kimberly Clark, led the Washington State Model Toxics Control Act (MTCA) upland cleanup process. This involved a years-long remedial investigation to understand the extents of soil and groundwater contamination across 55 acres, a feasibility study to assess cleanup options, and three cleanup actions to expedite the overall cleanup and redevelopment. The main remediation culprits at the site were heavy metals and petroleum, including releases from fuel bulk storage facilities that pre-dated the mill.

300,000 Tons of Material and One Cap Later = Terminal is Open for Business

Caption: Over 300,000 tons of material removed to clear the Site for the environmental cap

Photo Credit: Aspect Consulting

The first two interim cleanups excavated and landfilled more than 56,000 tons of contaminated soils, permanently removing the primary sources of contamination to groundwater. Approximately 250,000 tons of crushed concrete and brick generated during mill demolition were also hauled away, clearing the site and removing a major source of alkaline pH to site groundwater. The finishing step was putting a 9-inch-thick asphalt layer across most of the site, which does double duty as an environmental ‘cap’ and a surface sturdy enough for 40-ton cargo containers to sit on. The environmental cap also includes a state-of-the-science stormwater treatment system to protect the adjacent East Waterway.

Six years after demolition of the former mill infrastructure and considerable cleanup work, Kimberly Clark sold the property to the Port of Everett, supporting the Port’s plans of doubling their marine cargo capacity so West Coast container ships can more quickly get import/export goods to market. Congratulations to the Port for reviving this important piece of the Everett waterfront—restoring both jobs for the regional economy and the site environmental conditions to protect human health and habitat.  

Celebrating the Start of New Affordable Housing Projects Around the Puget Sound

Principal Geologist Dave Cook recently attended multifamily real estate development firm GardnerGlobal’s (GC) kickoff celebration for the next stages of the Skyway Towncenter, a new affordable housing project in Skyway—one of King County’s most diverse and most underserved neighborhoods.

Dave raises a glass with attendees at GardnerGlobal’s celebration.

The Skyway Towncenter, which is still in the planning phase, will include both market-rate and affordable housing, some of which will have rent-to-own options. This option creates an opportunity for residents to have not just more housing stability, but to be able to build wealth and truly invest in their community.

Unlocking Needed Housing Projects in Skyway, Seattle’s Central District, and SeaTac

Aspect is working with CEO and Owner of GG Jaebadiah Gardner and consulting partner Loundyne Hare of Hare International, along with environmental attorney Mike Dunning of Perkins Coie to help GG through due diligence, cleanup planning, and procurement of over $1M in cleanup grants from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s Affordable Housing program. The grant will help fund environmental investigation and a portion of the cleanup of solvents spilled from a dry cleaner that once operated at the site. Senior Geologist Ali Cochrane is leading our environmental team as they investigate contamination. Once building design and construction planning starts, Aspect will lead the cleanup design and geotechnical engineering services.

Public outreach has begun related to early phases of transitioning this contaminated property to new use. On October 20, Ali and Dave spoke alongside Jaebadiah Gardner and Loundyne Hare at the Holy Temple Evangelistic Center in Skyway on environmental conditions and the investigations at the Towncenter site. These meetings and engagement with Ecology will continue so that Skyway residents can learn how the cleanup will result in a new residential community.

Attendees review plans to address contamination at the Skyway Towncenter site during a public outreach meeting on October 28th.

Aspect is also working with GC on the Sarah Queen Development, planned as a seven-story mixed-use building near the corner of 23rd Avenue and Union Street in Seattle’s Central District, where half of the units will be for affordable housing. Our geotechnical engineering team, led by Senior Geotechnical Engineer Eric Schellenger, recently started work on design and construction recommendations for the building foundations.

Also at GC’s kickoff celebration were Hamdi Abdulle and Bilan Aden. This mother and daughter team are the Executive Director and Associate Director, respectively, of African Community Housing & Development, (ACHD) a nonprofit that creates housing stability and economic development opportunities for African Diaspora immigrant and refugee communities in King County. Aspect will conduct environmental and geotechnical due diligence for a site ACHD is looking to acquire for a future residential community in SeaTac.

From left to right, Loundyne Hare, Hamdi Abdulle, Jaebadiah Gardner, and Bilan Aden.

Over 500 Affordable Housing Units Nearing Completion

These projects are starting as Aspect is nearing the end of two major affordable housing projects in south Seattle for Mt. Baker Housing Association (MBHA). Geotechnical special inspections are finished for construction of The Maddux, a two-building development that will add 203 units of affordable housing two blocks from the Mt. Baker Light Rail Station. Our work has included extensive cleanup of contaminants left from a dry cleaners and auto repair shop that once operated on the site and an innovative ground improvement technique to address liquefiable soils that could threaten building stability during an earthquake.

Left: Ground improvements consisting of displacement rigid improvements start at Maddux in Jan. 2021. Right: Maddux nears end of construction in October 2022.

Installation of aggregate piers and auger cast piles has started at Grand Street Commons, just south of the future Judkins Park light rail station near I-90. Construction is underway on three mixed-use buildings with a mix of affordable and market-rate housing and retail. The project is creating 776 new apartments, 360 of which will be affordable units.

A drill rig arrives via crane at Grand Street Commons, October 2022

For more on Aspect’s support for Affordable Housing, visit our Affordable Housing website.

Data Teams as Gatekeepers to Unlock Brownfield Cleanups

Environmental data teams methodically confirm cleanup levels and visualize the 'cleanup finish line' with the regulatory criteria and client end goals

What is the measure of ‘clean’ at brownfield sites? Before any digging of contaminated dirt or treatment of contaminated groundwater, there is much upfront work by regulators and project teams – chemists, data analysts, geologists, engineers, and more – to determine the appropriate cleanup levels to use for a given site. The cleanup levels are the north star that every brownfield cleanup team steers by.

To Succeed, Be Sure What ‘Clean’ Looks Like

Aspect’s environmental data team regularly keeps the finger on the pulse of regulatory databases and uses tools – such as the open-source programming language R – to streamline brownfield cleanup projects.

Using R to automate screening level updates allows project teams to:

  • Make changes quickly and confidently

  • Minimize the risk of errors and omissions

  • Provide much-improved process transparency

  • Streamline communications across the project team

Keeping up on the best available science gives project managers greater assurance that their sites are being appropriately measured against regulatory criteria, providing a smoother path forward in the management and remediation of contaminated sites.

A Peek into Regulatory Data World with CLARC

CLARC is the Washington State Department of Ecology’s (Ecology) Cleanup Levels and Risk Calculation spreadsheet that is the basis for calculating cleanup levels under Ecology’s Model Toxics Control Act (MTCA). MTCA is Washington state’s cleanup rule which governs over 13,000+ known or suspected contaminated sites. CLARC is a key measure of what defines success at these cleanup projects and a living document that is maintained and updated by Ecology, as needed, with major updates every six months to align with changes to state and federal regulatory (e.g., US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)) criteria.

Aspect engineer evaluating a vapor intrusion system at Art Brass Plating – a South Seattle cleanup site. The measure of success for these systems — and projects — rely on knowing the correct and up-to-date cleanup level criteria

The data tables in CLARC provide the various input parameters used to calculate screening levels for a huge array of chemicals in soil, groundwater, surface water, soil gas, and air—as well as the resulting calculated cleanup level values themselves. The calculated values are routinely used by remediation project managers to screen analytical results (from samples collected in the field) against federal, state, or other regulatory thresholds.

What is R and How Does it Accurately Automate Away Manual Data Entry?

R is an open-source software environment used for statistical computing and graphics. Recently, Aspect’s data team wrote a package of R code to use CLARC’s input parameters to calculate a suite of specific screening levels. The same code can be run any time the input values in CLARC are updated, generating quality assurance tables to alert Aspect’s data team of potential issues, and providing summary tables for Aspect project managers to review cleanup level changes and consider their potential impact to their various environmental sites.

Various input parameters, including regulatory requirements, chemistry, site use, human safety and environmental quality are entered into our custom R tool to make and maintain a reliable, reproducible metric set for project success

Since there are usually screening levels for hundreds of different analytes at remediation cleanups  – e.g., petroleum and diesel, arsenic, tetrachloroethylene and more – when the CLARC database is updated by the regulator, it can be difficult to see if there have been any changes and which analytes may have been affected.

Aspect uses the industry standard EQuiS environmental data management system. The R tool helps us better use EQuIS to manage and screen environmental data against cleanup levels. Before using R, preparing CLARC-based screening and cleanup levels for upload to EQuIS required tedious data wrangling in Excel and institutional knowledge of what analytes should be compared to which screening levels. With R, the process involves little more than a click of a button

Data Problem Solving that Makes Remediation Easier

R simplifying the complexity of the brownfield cleanup level process

Brownfield remediation cleanups require imagining a range of scenarios for the future use of a ‘clean’ property. Will the site be used for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes? What pollutants are present and where? It all starts with the cleanup level criteria.

Overall, this work by Aspect’s data team – who are meticulous at knowing the state-of-the-science regulatory criteria – ensures Aspect’s project teams have the correct screening or cleanup levels based on the most current toxicity guidance, which helps avoid rework later on in the process and saves time and money for the client.

A Legacy of Aging Underground Storage Tanks in Washington

The Seattle Times recently focused on a long-simmering environmental concern unfolding in many states: aging underground storage tanks (USTs) (subscription may be required to preview the news article) on commercial properties. These USTs store gasoline and diesel fuel at gas stations across the Pacific Northwest and beyond. It’s not a question of ‘If’ but ‘When’ these tanks will leak.

With nearly 2,500 known UST sites in need of cleanup in Washington, and over 7,500 USTs either beyond or rapidly approaching the end of their useful life, there is likely a UST site in your area. Here’s a map from the Washington State Department of Ecology for finding out what is in your neighborhood.

Where are the Contaminated Properties?

Current status of contaminated sites in Washington State (includes UST sites). This WA Dept. of Ecology interactive map makes it easier to see where known cleanup sites exist.

While leaking USTs can be a threat to the environment, the good news is that they often do not pose an acute health risk to people. Once a site has been properly investigated for environmental and human health risks, there are strategies that will manage the risk and cost of cleanup over time—particularly if the property is going to continue to be used for commercial purposes.

This corner store in Forks, WA recently had an old UST removed, fortunately only a small cleanup effort was needed

For small business owners – for example, the people running “Mom & Pop” gas stations — the cost alone of replacing aging USTs before they leak can be too much of a burden. And that is before the cost of a potential cleanup of any contaminated soil, which can balloon into a big financial liability.

Tools for Managing the Cost of Cleanup

In addition to the costs involved, the regulatory and cleanup process involved in addressing a leaking UST can feel overwhelming.

An environmentally impaired property does not have to be abandoned – there are paths to continuing business operations while successfully navigating the complexities of the cleanup. If you own a UST site, consider these initial steps for managing the cost of cleanup and avoiding a big financial burden all at once:

  1. Complete a remedial investigation (RI) to define the extent of the contamination. If you don’t have insurance and you have questions about what this means for you financially, the Washington State Pollution Liability (PLIA) may be able to help through their revolving loan and grant program.

  2. Evaluate the cleanup standards to see how to keep business going. If you are willing to accept certain restrictions on the property (e.g., no residential use), consider whether less stringent cleanup standards would still meet your business objectives while safely limiting risk to workers and customers.

  3. Assess whether your site is eligible for the Washington State Department of Ecology’s Model Remedy process. This can streamline the cleanup selection process. If the USTs are still in the ground, removal of USTs and contamination to the extent practicable will still be required.

  4. Talk to your environmental consultant about lower-cost options like environmental covenants for the property, engineering controls (like capping), and long-term monitored natural attenuation (MNA) of residual contamination. These strategies can be an effective way to reduce uncertainty around the future cost of managing the long-term environmental liability attached to a property and improve marketability.

Looking Towards Thriving vs. Blighted Properties

While these strategies do not always result in a “100 percent” clean bill of health for a property, they are proven and effective ways to add value back into environmentally impaired sites – both for the local community and the economy. A thriving corner store provides much more benefit to the community than a blighted, unused property where contamination remains in the ground anyway. There are better options for maintaining the productive use of the land while keeping people and the environment safe.

Contact Associate Engineer Eric Marhofer to learn more about UST site remediation and management strategies.

Years in the Making, the Bellingham Waterfront Celebrates Significant Cleanup Milestone

Like many working waterfronts across the country, Bellingham has undergone years of effort to clean up contamination and turn historical industrial sites into useful properties for the community. After more than a decade of study and adjacent cleanups, the former Georgia-Pacific [GP] Paper Mill cleanup site (“GP West site”), the centerpiece of Bellingham’s burgeoning Waterfront District redevelopment, is poised to deal with its biggest contamination culprit – liquid mercury.

The Chlor-Alkali area is one of the trickiest cleanups of the entire Bellingham waterfront, and over a decade in the making. Photo Credit: WA Department of Ecology

The Chlor-Alkali area is one of the trickiest cleanups of the entire Bellingham waterfront, and over a decade in the making.

Photo Credit: WA Department of Ecology

A Plan in Place for one of Bellingham’s Trickiest Sites

There are a dozen cleanup sites within and along the shorelines of Bellingham Bay—by any measure, the 67-acre GP West site is likely the trickiest and most complex upland (adjacent to the shoreline/water) cleanup project of them all. To tackle the cleanup, the site was divided into halves. The half referred to as the Pulp and Tissue Mill Remedial Action Unit (RAU) was successfully remediated in 2016, allowing for the start of the Waterfront District build out including construction of the award-winning Waypoint Park. The other half of the site, known as the Chlor-Alkali Remedial Action Unit (RAU), is where the mercury lies, making it far more challenging to clean up.

Waypoint Park is thriving, with families and businesses returning to the waterfront. The Chlor-Alkali parcel is adjacent to this and will see marine industry expand and flourish when cleanup is complete.

Photo Credit: City of Bellingham

Now, after years of intense investigation and planning work, the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) and the Port of Bellingham (Port) have finalized a Cleanup Action Plan for the Chlor-Alkali RAU.

Liquid Mercury is a Subsurface Challenge

The site’s mercury is an unwelcome residual from historical production of chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide (caustic) used to bleach pulp in the former GP mill’s papermaking process. Some of that mercury was released into the ground, as was some of the caustic manufactured in the process.

The mercury ‘culprit’ in the GP West subsurface for this historical paper mill site, where mercury was used in the paper-making process

Remediation crews supervising the excavation of 4,400 tons of contaminated soil removed from the site

Liquid mercury has the unique and unfortunate chemical properties of being both highly volatile and 13 times denser than water. The releases of the caustic in the same area increased the pH of the groundwater, which increased the mercury’s solubility and its ability to migrate in groundwater, allowing it to spread hundreds of feet from where the releases historically occurred. These factors, interspersed into the maze of foundation piles, beams, and other subsurface structures that remain from the former mill, make remediation of the Chlor-Alkali RAU a supremely challenging task. Additional details regarding the site’s contaminants and cleanup are available on Ecology’s webpage

A Milestone for Reviving the Waterfront

The complex Cleanup Action Plan includes a combination of removing some contaminated soil; chemically treating (stabilization/solidification) some soil in place to keep mercury from leaching further; treating groundwater to restore near-neutral conditions that will limit mercury mobility; capping some areas of lower-level contamination; and lots of monitoring throughout to assure the cleanup goals are met.

It will take several years to complete the plan’s tasks and bring the Chlor-Alkali RAU site back into productive use for the Port’s marine trade businesses. But for now, the Port and Ecology’s completion of the Chlor-Alkali Cleanup Action Plan is a momentous milestone to celebrate. It’s a significant piece of the puzzle to complete the recovery of this beautiful part of Bellingham’s waterfront.

For more information contact Principal Hydrogeologist Steve Germiat.

Groundbreaking Ground Improvements for Seattle Affordable Housing

Construction at Mt. Baker Housing Association’s Maddux Development is underway—the beginning of the end of a project that is bringing 203 units of affordable housing to Seattle’s Mt. Baker neighborhood. It features an innovative partnership between MBHA and Ecology as the first project under Ecology’s Healthy Housing program to help fund the environmental cleanup of future affordable housing sites. It also features a first-in-Seattle use of a ground improvement technique called displacement rigid inclusions to address the site’s challenging geology and the project’s limited budget.

Drilling the displacement rigid inclusions columns.

Drilling the displacement rigid inclusions columns.

Soil Liquefaction Muddies Building Design

The land under the new Maddux buildings consists of very loose fill soils that lie on top of glacial recessional deposits – a hodgepodge of loose soils left behind as the last glaciers retreated from the Puget Sound area thousands of years ago. Under that are stiffer soils that were consolidated by the weight of the glacier. The loose soils are saturated by groundwater that lies on top of it unable to infiltrate into the harder soil underneath.

During an earthquake, the saturated, loosely packed grains of soils at the Maddux site could be shaken to a point where the elevated water pressure within the pore spaces increases the space between grains and causes the soil to lose strength and flow like a liquid in a process called liquefaction.

Think of wiggling your toes in the sand while standing on a beach near where the waves come in—the Maddux site soils would respond in similar fashion. When the shaking starts, the loose soils would become even weaker and any foundation bearing weight on them would settle, crack, and potentially collapse. Structures on sites like Maddux require particular design for seismic conditions in order to be built safely.

Weak Soils Get an Automatic F

The building code divides the soils at sites into six classes – ranging from A (strong rock)  to F (weak, loose, liquefiable soils) – based on the characteristics of the upper 100 feet of soil from the base of any future building. These site classes set the parameters for how a building must be designed to respond to strong shaking from earthquakes.

The building code rates sites with any amount of soils at risk of liquefaction as Site Class F. Building on Site Class F sites usually requires either deep foundations or ground improvement—both of which are more expensive than conventional shallow foundations. The building itself can also be more expensive, since building on weaker soils often requires more steel and other materials. And for an affordable housing project like this one, cost is a critical factor to the viability of the project.

Conscious of these cost concerns, Aspect’s geotechnical team started to investigate the most effective foundation design for building on a Site Class F site such as Maddux. In a nutshell: It’s complicated.

Design vs. Complex Site Geology vs. Costs

This figure shows the varying elevations of bearing layer –soils that can safely bear the weight of a building foundation – at the Maddux site.

The land the Maddux site is on has been through a lot. The last glacier left not just weak soils but left them at wildly varying depths. You can drill at one spot and reach stiffer soils within a few feet of the surface, then move over 10 feet, drill again, and have the strong glacial soils be 15 or more feet further down.

Add to this the legacy contamination from former dry cleaners and a gas station that has since spread throughout the soil and groundwater. Excavation to remove contaminated soil was already part of the site’s environmental plan, but to extend that excavation to remove all the soft and liquefiable soils in addition to all the contaminated soils would have required more digging, deeper shoring, and more off-site soil disposal – and a lot more money. We also needed to make sure whatever ground improvement we used didn’t interfere with our environmental team’s remediation plan.

Whatever the method, we wanted it to be as cost-effective as possible. Ecology’s funding for the Maddux development only covers the environmental remediation. Any expense for building foundations is the responsibility of MBHA, which as a nonprofit has limited funding. Our geotechnical team carefully weighed the costs versus benefits of several options. For example, conventional deep auger cast piles, which are often used at sites like Maddux, are relatively inexpensive to install, but they require a lot of concrete and steel to construct, adding more to the cost of materials. They also don’t improve the ground around the piles; the class rating would still be an F, which increases the cost of the building itself.

Displacement Rigid Inclusions to Raise the Grade

As we weighed the factors, it became apparent that displacement rigid inclusions were the most appropriate and cost-effective technique for the site. Rigid inclusions are a ground improvement method that use columns of concrete to transfer the weight of a structure through loose soils down to more competent bearing soils below, thereby reducing potential damage from liquefaction.

What made the ground improvement for the Maddux project unique in the Seattle area was the use of displacement rigid inclusions. Displacement rigid inclusions are a type of rigid inclusion that involve specialty tooling that densifies the soil around each column. The act of drilling the columns “displaces” the ground around it. The soil between the columns is pushed together and becomes denser, thereby reducing the chance it will liquefy during an earthquake. Displacement rigid inclusions provide structural support for the building with the same element that is used to mitigate liquification.

Tests to Pass the SDCI Test

There aren’t many chances to test seismic design—the Seattle area hasn’t experienced a “design-level” earthquake, one with the magnitude we are designing our buildings for, in hundreds of years, so it can be hard to predict exactly how a building will respond. Instead, engineers study what has happened during other earthquakes under similar circumstances. We can then apply that understanding to safely develop innovative techniques to protect against earthquakes at more problematic sites like Maddux. To use displacement rigid inclusions for the Maddux project, the design required approval from the City of Seattle. Displacement rigid inclusions had never been used before to change the site class of a project in Seattle.

During design, we conducted cone penetrometer tests (CPTs) to determine the soils’ geotechnical engineering properties plus extensive laboratory tests on the soils. We worked with specialty ground improvement contractor Condon Johnson to assess whether the soils would respond to the displacement the way we thought they could. From those tests, the detailed ground improvement design was established including the spacing of each column needed to effectively strengthen the soil between columns.

Our team met regularly with Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections (SDCI) to present our design approach. Conservative estimates were developed for how much densification would be possible in the site soils. We found that the ground improvement could be designed to achieve adequate densification to eliminate liquefaction risk –and thus raise the site class.

SDCI approved the approach during design, but all was contingent on the results of verification testing after the rigid inclusions were installed. If we installed the columns and performed more CPTs that showed enough improvement in the soil strength, they would give final approval.

Installing the Columns

We started installing the displacement rigid inclusion columns at the Maddux site at the beginning of 2021. The drilling required specialty displacement auger tooling, and because this technique isn’t used much in this area, the driller had to bring the displacement auger up from California.

Displacement rigid inclusion installation in early 2021 at the Maddux site

Displacement rigid inclusion installation in early 2021 at the Maddux site

A cage of rebar is set in place after the column is filled with concrete.

A cage of rebar is set in place after the column is filled with concrete.

The displacement auger drilled 18-inch-diameter columns down through the weaker soils and into the underlying dense glacially overridden soil layer. As the auger pulled out, it pumped concrete into the void created by the auger pushing soil to the side. The concrete itself is under pressure, which pushed out the soil even more, which aides in densification. Once the auger was fully removed, a “cage” of rebar could then be lowered in to reinforce the concrete once it cures.

In all, there were 249 columns drilled at Maddux North and 219 at Maddux South, each placed about 5 feet apart center to center, installed over two months.

The Results

Once the displacement rigid inclusions were installed, we completed another round of CPTs to physically verify that we achieved the level of densification we predicted in design. Results from the post-treatment CPTs showed the displacement rigid inclusions had worked even better than we thought. Our team delivered the data to the City that showed the soils at Maddux were no longer liquifiable.

Aspect, as the geotechnical engineer of record, then gave the recommendation that the site class could change. This opinion was backed by the robust quality controls we used during construction, documentation of the verification CPTs, and post-treatment liquefaction analyses showing the liquefaction risk had been removed.

The Site Class at Maddux was raised from an ‘F’ to a ‘D’. A ‘D’ rating allowed for the structures to be designed using less materials, therefore saving money on construction costs.

The Maddux project represents a successful use of an innovative ground improvement technique on a complicated site in conjunction with an extensive environmental cleanup. See the Maddux ‘Story Map’ for more context on the project.

Reaching a Milestone for an Innovative Seattle Affordable Housing Project

The Maddux is a 200+ unit affordable housing project in Seattle that has been years in the making. After almost five years of work -- the environmental cleanup is essentially complete.

This project, in South Seattle’s Mt. Baker neighborhood, sat unused for decades. The culprit? Petroleum releases from an old gas station and solvent leaks from a former dry cleaner that severely affected soil and groundwater beneath the Site. The contamination issues prevented nearly all potential developers from touching these properties – the cleanup cost and environmental liability, which stretched across many properties, were just too much to manage.

Taking on One of the Most Challenging Sites in the City

Yet, Aspect’ s clients, Mt. Baker Housing Association, along with Perkins Coie, Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), and the City of Seattle saw an opportunity to build a new concept to turn brownfields into cleaned-up affordable housing.

Construction Begun with Move-in Anticipated in 2022

The earthworks, building design and construction team includes: Aspect, Beacon Development Group, Mithun, Coughlin Porter Lundeen and many others.

Some reasons why this project has happened:

  • Affordable Housing need in Seattle is great and this project commits to 200+ units near a walkable light rail station and within a mile of downtown Seattle.

  • Ecology provided “seed money” in support of an innovative idea – why not turn these blighted properties that no one would touch into affordable housing? A win for the environment, a win for the neighborhood, a win for housing, a win for transit and connection to downtown.

  • Ecology took the MBHA/Aspect/Perkins Coie innovative idea and created a new ‘Brownfield’ funding program (the Healthy Housing Program) because of this project to help affordable housing agencies develop prime real estate that has been overlooked.

  • But this isn’t all. The properties could liquefy in an earthquake. So, Aspect and the City of Seattle worked to design and permit a first-of-its-kind ‘earthquake proofing’ foundation system to facilitate economical, and safe, redevelopment of the property.

Construction Begun with Move-in Anticipated for 2022

  • The foundation engineering is ongoing as of Spring 2021.

  • The public will soon see the building “coming out of the ground” with anticipated move-in date in 2022 for families in the area.

Check out this ‘Story Map’ of the past 5 years of work to date:

From Spokane Railyards to Vital Urban Core: Building the University District

In the past decade alone, the Spokane region has grown by 44,000+ people. The 2nd biggest city in Washington state is seeing an influx of residents and affordable housing is key to meet this need. As one piece to support the growth, “The District” is a 300-unit multifamily development planned for construction in 2021 and adds vital housing and connects Spokane communities.

The future ‘District on the River’ project.

The future ‘District on the River’ project.

Cleaning up a Waterfront Railyard Property

The District project — led by Sagamore Spokane LLC, located in Spokane’s University District — adds 300 units adjacent to the Spokane River. Cleanup actions will be completed prior to redevelopment of this former manufactured gas plant property and railyard area.. Aspect and teaming partners from Perkins Coie, DCI Engineers, Witherspoon Kelley,, and ALSC Architects developed a cleanup approach for the contaminated site allowing for building construction.

A Prospective Purchaser Consent Decree was entered by Sagamore Spokane LLC with the Washington State Department of Ecology for the agreed upon cleanup approach. Aspect and Perkins Coie were instrumental in working with Ecology and the Attorney General’s office to facilitate a pathway for Sagamore to invest in this brownfield redevelopment project.

Adding 300 Units to a New and Walkable University District

The cleanup actions are integrated with the development and will allow for the beneficial reuse of this notable vacant property contaminated by historical manufactured gas plant (MGP) operations. Completion of the cleanup actions will improve protection of human health and the environment, allowing this 300-unit, four-building residential apartment complex, known as the ‘District on the River’, to be completed.

With its prime location near the Spokane River, Ben Burr Trail, Hamilton Street bridge and close by amenities, this is anticipated to be a sought-after livable and walkable area.

Meet Marc Chalfant

Aspect recently welcomed Marc Chalfant to our Seattle office. Here are Five Questions we asked to get to know him better.

Marc Chalfant, PE, Project Engineer

Backpacking the Alpine Lakes Wilderness

Backpacking the Alpine Lakes Wilderness

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I’m originally from Yellowstone National Park and having lived in a handful of states (and a Canadian province!), I finally find myself firmly planted in Seattle, where I’ve lived for the last 6 years. The mountains and culture brought me here, and after learning how to enjoy the long, dark winters, I’ve grown to appreciate the Pacific Northwest more and more every year.

2. What inspired you to pursue remediation engineering? What made you curious about it?

Growing up in a National Park engrained a sense of environmental responsibility and interest. In college, a hydrogeology course sparked an interest in remediation. The combination of geology, water resources, and chemistry in the context of environmental work got me hooked. My curiosity turned into a career when I accepted a position to research remediation approaches in graduate school at Colorado State University.

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

Because remediation engineering is a relatively young field, our collective knowledge and skills are continuously developing. I love being in a field where creativity and nuance provide value on a technical level. It is also a great feeling knowing that at the end of the day we are working to reduce risk to human health and the environment, which is something I am proud of.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

Whether on skis, in climbing shoes, or packed for a week-long backpacking trip, you’ll be hard-pressed to find a weekend where I’m not in the mountains in some form, joined by my fiancée, Tamera. I also play ice hockey, enjoy cooking, and have taken to designing and constructing outdoor gear including packs, tents and sleeping bags.

5. Where in the world would you like to travel next?

I’d love to check out more of southeast Asia. We visited Indonesia a couple years ago, and it was hands-down the best trip I’ve ever taken. The food, climate, variety of activities, and natural beauty were unmatched!

What if You Can’t Dig Your Way Out of a Brownfield Cleanup?

Brownfield site cleanups are difficult for construction teams, redevelopment plans, and the community. It’s even harder when you can’t dig and haul the contaminated soil and there’s impacts to groundwater. Aspect’s Adam Griffin and Doug Hillman discuss successful strategies for complicated cleanup sites in this Daily Journal of Commerce article.

Inspecting the Vapor Intrusion Mitigation System at Art Brass Plating in Seattle

Inspecting the Vapor Intrusion Mitigation System at Art Brass Plating in Seattle

Aspect Leads Environmental Oversight for Amazon HQ2

On February 2, 2021, Amazon announced the Phase 2 design proposal for its second headquarters, located in Arlington, Virginia, featuring a blend of sustainable architecture and public green spaces.

Aspect Leads Environmental Oversight

In partnership with Amazon and development manager Seneca Group, Aspect (and our subconsultant, Sanborn Head) is leading environmental due diligence, cleanup, environmental construction oversight, and regulatory strategy on Phase 1 (Metropolitan Park property) and Phase 2 (PenPlace property) of this project, as we have for the past several years.

Sustainable Community-Centric Design

Designed by architecture firm NBBJ, PenPlace, is a ground-up development project that will feature 2.8 million square feet of office space across three 22-story LEED platinum-certified buildings, 2.5 acres of green space accessible to the public, and a mix of restaurants, retail, and community gathering areas. Undoubtedly, the most striking HQ2 landmark will be the glass-encased Helix, a counterpart to Seattle HQ1’s Spheres, where employees can work immersed in nature. The 370,000-square-foot building will be open for public tours and will feature landscaped terrain, walking paths, and vegetation native to the region.

Amazon HQ2.jpg

Phase 1 Metropolitan Park Construction Underway

Adjacent to PenPlace, Amazon’s HQ2 Phase 1, designed by architecture firm ZGF is a development at the Metropolitan Park property that also features a 2.8-acre park, lush tree canopies, and public space. Construction at this site is currently underway and features redevelopment of vacant warehouses into two 22-story sustainable office towers and 65,000 square feet of retail and restaurant spaces. Amazon plans to add 25,000 jobs and invest $2.5 billion in Arlington over the next 10 years.

Meet Rachel Cornwell, Sam Adlington, and Jay Pietraszek

Aspect recently welcomed Rachel Cornwell, Sam Addlington, and Jay Pietraszek to our Seattle office. Here are Five Questions we asked to get to know them better…

Rachel Cornwell, Staff Scientist

Rachel on a January walk at Gross Reservoir in Boulder, CO

Rachel on a January walk at Gross Reservoir in Boulder, CO

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I was born and raised in Bellingham, WA. I went to school in Colorado but making the decision to return to the Pacific Northwest was an easy one (despite the rain). There is something about the nature and the people here that makes it feel like home. Although I grew up just a couple of hours north of Seattle, living in the city now feels like an entirely new place that I am excited to explore!

2. What inspired you to pursue environmental engineering? What made you curious about it?

In high school, I got the opportunity to travel to Honduras with Living Waters for the World. I worked on the engineering team to install a water purification system in a rural town called Las Bodegas. Working with mentors and community members showed me that engineering was not only about efficient, cost-effective design, but also about how that design impacts a community’s health, business opportunities, and ability to live a better life. This experience opened my eyes to the kind of impact I could make and inspired me to pursue an environmental engineering degree.

Through my time in the environmental engineering program at Colorado University, my focus shifted from water treatment to remediation of contaminated sites, and I realized that my connection with environmental remediation work began as a kid; I grew up spending most summers at Holden Village, a small retreat center in the mountains near Lake Chelan. The village was historically a mining town for the Holden Mine, which became a Superfund site in the 1980s. I remember seeing the tailing piles and remnants of the mine on hikes around the area. The orange coating of streambeds and the eerie, abandoned structures surrounding the village always left me curious. As I learn more about remediation processes, I constantly connect it back to these images that stuck in my mind as a kid.

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

I love that remediation work allows you to both zoom into the tiny details and zoom out to a bigger picture. I think shifting between those perspectives keeps things interesting and creates complex problems that require innovative solutions. Hitting specific cleanup levels requires precise design and detailed understanding of remediation mechanisms, but also requires an overarching understanding of stakeholders and their priorities, as well as why the remediation is important. Right now, I am excited to learn more about remediation mechanisms and to see first-hand how a remediation system impacts sites in different ways given unique sets of soil and groundwater conditions.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

I love to get out and hike on the weekends! I find hiking to be the best way to get to know a new area – it’s how I came to feel at home in Colorado, and how I am rediscovering the PNW now. I also love to write songs. I’ve been re-learning how to play guitar recently and enjoy writing songs with piano and voice.

5. Where in the world would you like to travel next?

Last summer, I spent a few weeks traveling down the eastern coast of South Africa after a two-month bridge construction project in eSwatini. I would go back there in a heartbeat! That area was so diverse in culture, natural features, and things to see and do! In the time I was there I learned a lot from locals about the different ethnic groups and how their languages and experiences differ. I would love to return to that area and continue exploring other parts of southern Africa, like Zimbabwe and Mozambique, as well as more of South Africa.

Sam Adlington, Project Engineer

This is from my last trip to Bali Indonesia in 2018. With the heat and not being acclimated to the climate I was taking every opportunity to get some shade and coconut water.

This is from my last trip to Bali Indonesia in 2018. With the heat and not being acclimated to the climate I was taking every opportunity to get some shade and coconut water.

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I am a greater Seattle area native. I grew up on the north end of Ballard before my family moved to Shoreline when I was 10. Since I finished college I’ve lived in Bellevue, Redmond, and Lynnwood. Frankly I never really wanted to live anywhere else.

2. What inspired you to pursue remediation engineering? What made you curious about it?

Technically most of the engineering work I’m involved in is for the solid waste industry or general environmental engineering/consulting. Within solid waste engineering there are a lot of the concepts of remediation engineering that are similar, just applied differently or with alterations to timelines, capacities, and project scale.

I seemingly fell into this line of work, but it works with the way that my brain is wired and I haven’t wanted to stop since I got started. It all started in college — like most students I could not make up my mind on a major. I started out really looking at either mechanical or chemical engineering. Through engineering clubs that I participated in, I had a few friends that were getting environmental engineering degrees through the civil engineering department. I started taking classes out of curiosity since it sounded like an interesting combination of the elements that got me started with engineering. I found it really worked well with what I liked to do and where I wanted to move my career.

Fresh out of college I wound up getting a job as a groundwater sampler/field tech for a firm that specialized in civil and environmental engineering for the solid waste industry. Since then I’ve sought out projects that have elements that I’m interested in, leveraging experience and trust built to get where I’m at now.

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

I should preface this by saying that I really like problem-solving. I’m not the type that will sit and do Sudoku or crossword puzzles because I get a lot of satisfaction out of what I get to do daily. A big driver is that no two projects are ever identical. While there are similarities, there always seems to be some complication, technicality, or nuance that needs to be managed and accounted for which keeps the work fresh and interesting.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

I always seem to have a few half-completed projects that I’m tinkering with in my spare time. Recently I’ve gotten into brewing and I’ve got a few tech/electronics projects on my workbench. The shortlist of longer-term interests includes:

  • Snowboarding (when the weather is cold)

  • Bicycling (when the weather is nicer)

  • Playing soccer (goalkeeper), generally I lean to indoor but the occasional full field game when the weather cooperates

In addition, I bought a house right at the start of the pandemic. So all the new chores and other tasks that come with that have been keeping me busy during the pandemic.

5. Where in the world would you like to travel next?

Europe is on my shortlist when we can safely travel again. Still haven’t made up my mind on whether or not to go with the UK or EU, but we’ve got time to think about it. Places like Finland, Norway, or Sweden really seem interesting to me, but my partner is originally from a tropical country and she will likely not want to go anywhere cold for vacation.

Jay Pietraszek, Senior Hydrogeologist

Beautiful 12 pound Silver Salmon caught on the Akwe River, southeast Alaska, September 2020

Beautiful 12 pound Silver Salmon caught on the Akwe River, southeast Alaska, September 2020

1. Where are you from? If you’re not from the Pacific Northwest, what brought you here?

I spent the majority of my childhood in the Chicago area. I came to Seattle initially after graduating from the University of Montana. But I’ve been in the Pacific Northwest for over 15 years, so it’s home now.

2. What inspired you to pursue hydrogeology? What made you curious about it?

I always loved being on or near the water, both as a kid on the Great Lakes and then during college on the rivers of Montana and Wyoming. My interest in the field grew from those experiences and memories. I became curious about the profession and industry as a student and the curiosity continues!

3. What do you like best about your area of expertise? What excites you and keeps you motivated?

I enjoy the creativity and problem solving that is required, and the complexity and diverse nature of the questions that we try to answer for our clients. I believe in the growth potential of the industry, particularly over the long term, and I am excited to keep pushing forward and helping those coming up in the profession.

4. What do you like to do when you aren’t working?

I enjoy spending time with my family, first and foremost. A Saturday evening with a couple of The Mandalorian episodes on the docket is about as good as it gets for me these days. I like tinkering around the house and learning something new. And of course, I still love being outside on the water or somewhere up in mountains, off the beaten track.

5. Where in the world would you like to travel next?

Tasmania, with a fly rod in hand!

The Path to Professional License: Kirsi Longley, PMP

In the science and engineering industry, seeing a “PE”, “LG”, “PMP”, or other initials behind someone’s name shows that person went through years of work experience that culminated in a substantial test to confirm the right to practice their area of technical expertise. A professional license is a proof statement that communicates that the people charged with designing roads and buildings; solving water supply challenges; cleaning up contaminated soil and water; and successfully managing project quality are qualified and ethically accountable professionals. Many go through this licensing journey but few outside that group know what the process is really like.

We’re telling those stories here. Aspect’s professionals are writing a series of articles that capture the trials and successes of studying for and receiving these career-defining milestones.

Kirsi Longley, Project Management Professional (PMP)

PMP awarded February 2018

Kirsi in Sunshine_stamp.jpg

What the heck do the initials PMP stand for?

Pretty Marginal Pianist? Nope! PMP stands for Project Management Professional. It’s a certification administered by the Project Management Institute (PMI), the internationally recognized association “for those who consider project, program or portfolio management their profession.” Pretty fancy, huh!

Having PMP certification can give you a great advantage in a variety of careers, including environmental consulting. When clients see PMP on your resume, it shows you’re a professional and among the cream of the crop of project managers. In Aspect’s realm of work, some public agencies, like King County, strongly encourage or even require PMPs to be included on project teams to be considered for contracts. You also receive recognition from fellow PMPs who know and appreciate the hard work and diligence that goes into the certification.

Kirsi - Girl Boss Mug.jpg

How does one become a PMP?

The process of becoming a PMP is not as long as what’s required for a PE or LG in terms of meeting the qualifications, testing and studying, but it is still pretty rigorous. For me, it was a very intense six weeks.

In-Person Course Work

The first step is to complete 35 hours of in-person project management education. Several organizations offer classes with curriculum approved by PMI. I went through the Project Management Academy, which I highly recommend. I took a week off from Aspect (thanks Aspect!) and met with the class in a hotel conference room over four long days. On the last day of the in-person class, we took a practice test to gauge how well we’d absorbed the material. Let’s just say that I did not ace the practice test, meaning I had a lot of studying ahead of me.

Application

It was recommended to me that I take the in-person course first, and then fill out the PMP application. This might seem counterintuitive, but once you’ve gone through the course, you have a solid grasp on the terms PMI uses and can then incorporate that language in your application to talk about your experience. It also makes it easier for you to go through your work history and identify pieces they are looking for.

The application takes hours to complete. In order to be considered a candidate for PMP certification, you must document at least three years managing projects during the five stages of the project lifecycle: initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and closing. You have to document this experience in great detail and provide references for those who oversaw your work over the years. This takes a lot of time and research to track all of it down and complete the application.

After you’ve completed the course work and application, it’s time to start studying for the 4-hour exam.

How did you study to prepare for the exam?

I’ve heard the passing rate for first try is 50-60 percent, so the pressure was “on” to really absorb the material. I studied for about 5 weeks before taking the exam. The Project Management Academy and PMI have a lot of Study Guides and other materials to review, including all of the slides from the course, and some mock exams. There are Laminated Study Guides – double-sided sheets that cover the key concepts, work flow charts, vocabulary, and equations – that you can write on and mark up as needed. Those came in quite handy. There are also PMP apps that have flash cards and quizzes to help. I made myself some flash cards too, mostly to help memorize vocabulary with definitions specific to PMI.

Over those 5 long weeks, I ran flash cards or studied on the app on the bus to and from work, then would come home and study for a few hours each night. I studied in 4- to 8-hour blocks on the weekends, including taking practice tests – which meant sitting for 4 hours at a time on a Saturday.

To help me focus on the weekends and remove household distractions, I would set up camp in the local library with snacks, white-noise sounds playing through my headphones, and my study materials. 

What is the best piece of advice you got during your study process?

Kirsi side bar.jpg

The best piece of advice I got from those who’d gone through this was to take the practice exams repeatedly until you get at least 80 percent correct. The practice exams are the best gauge of how well you understand the material. The exam results break down how you did on each section – showing what you got wrong and what the correct answer was, and summarizing all incorrect questions so you can review and know what material you need to focus on in your next study section.

I took five practice tests in all. On the last one, I got 81 percent. I knew then I was likely as ready as I could be to take the real thing.

Walk us through the Big Test Day…

I was assigned to take the exam at a testing center north of Seattle, so I stayed at my parents’ house the night before to save some commuting time and get a better night’s sleep (unfortunately, my dog Cooper had other ideas about getting sleep that night).

On Test Morning, I went to a coffee shop a few hours beforehand to wake up with some caffeine and a bakery treat while getting in some last-minute studying. At this point, I was very ready to have it all be done. Then I drove to the center and sat for the 4-hour exam.

Kirsi and her dachshund, Cooper

Kirsi and her dachshund, Cooper

The test itself was at times excruciating. It’s multiple choice, but there are nuances in answers that require you to really sit with them and think about the right choice. There are also math equations.

How did you feel when you finally got the results?

One great thing about the PMP certification exam is that it’s scored in real time and the results are immediate – no waiting in agony for weeks to find out how you did. After I submitted the answer for my last question, a pop-up appeared letting me know I’d passed. I felt a rush of mixed emotions as weeks of anxiety lifted off my shoulders. I closed my eyes and raised my arms in victory. This drew the attention of a test proctor, who came over to ask if I was ok. I just gestured at the screen, and they nodded approvingly. I left the testing center and cried in my car with relief that this was no longer hanging over me. The journey was over, and I’d earned that certification.

Any parting advice?

I would pass on the advice I got to keep taking the practice tests until you’re getting at least 80 percent correct. You don’t want to take the test, fail, and have to go through prep all over again.

PFAS: An Emerging Contaminant for Brownfield Sites

Source: https://www.defence.gov.au/Environment/pfas/PFAS.asp

PFAS may seem like an obscure scientific acronym, but we encounter these chemical compounds—dubbed “forever chemicals”—in our food, water, air, and soil.

PFAS are perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a family of over 4,000 man-made surfactant compounds manufactured to repel water and oil/grease. Since the 1940s, PFAS have been widely used in commercial and industrial applications, including many consumer products that can be found in every household: Teflon non-stick pans, food packaging, stain-resistant upholstery, and more.

Recent studies point to PFAS as a growing concern for communities and clients, including at water systems and brownfield sites. Aspect has recently worked on sites with PFAs concerns, and we summarize the history, background, and current regulations (both the state and federal scale) around this emerging environmental concern.

A Brief History of PFAS: Why Should We Care?

In 1956, researchers discovered that PFAS compounds bind to human proteins, and by the 1970s PFAS were found to accumulate in human blood. In 2000, the American Chemical Society published a study showing the distribution of people with detectable concentrations of PFAS in their blood was at a global scale. Research groups worldwide, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are increasingly evaluating the toxicity and potential human health risks of PFAS exposure.

Though limited human epidemiological studies have been conducted to date, laboratory animal studies suggest that adverse health effects due to PFAS may include irregular fetal development, cancer, and liver and thyroid damage, among others.

PFAS in the Environment

Source: https://pfasproject.com/2018/10/02/analysis-of-state-by-state-differences-in-pfas-regulation/

PFAS are released into the environment primarily from locations with long-term use of aqueous fire-fighting foams (military sites, airports, and fire-training facilities), industrial facilities that produce metal plating or directly produce PFAS, and landfills that receive municipal or industrial wastes. One of the main exposure pathways for the general public is via PFAS-impacted drinking water.

Of about 6,000 public water systems monitored by the EPA for PFOA and PFOS between 2013 and 2015, approximately 80 public water systems were found to contain the compounds at concentrations above the EPA’s Lifetime Health Advisory level of 70 parts per trillion (ppt). In Washington State, Aspect is incorporating testing for select PFAS compounds into drinking water aquifer monitoring programs at the request of municipalities.

Current State vs. Federal PFAS Regulatory Context

Despite the public and regulator awareness and general acceptance of the risks associated with PFAS exposure, PFAS compounds are not currently identified as hazardous substances in federal regulations to enforce investigation and cleanup standards. In 2019, the EPA released a PFAS Action Plan outlining an approach for their response, which is in progress. The plan suggests that in the relatively near future, we can expect to see at least the two most well-researched compounds, PFOA and PFOS, listed as hazardous substances at the federal level, by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or other pathways.

In the meantime, 28 states are forging ahead with state-level regulations in lieu of EPA enforceable action and CERCLA status. In Washington, the state legislature recently passed two bills limiting uses of PFAS in food packaging and Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) in 2018 (Engrossed State House Bills 2658 and 6413). Additionally, the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) is developing an amendment for Chapter 246-290 of the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) to address PFAS in drinking water in Washington. This amendment includes state action levels for the EPA’s two target compounds, PFOA and PFOS, as well as three additional compounds (PFHxS, PFNA, and PFBS).

The DOH is proposing a more protective approach than the EPA by setting the draft state action levels for PFOA and PFOS for Group A public water systems at 10 ppt and 15 ppt, respectively—lower values than the EPA’s Lifetime Health Advisory value of 70 ppt. DOH is projecting to finalize the amendment in 2021.

Learn More About PFAS

PFAS Draft Chemical Action Plan (CAP) – October 2020
Long-awaited Washington state plan (a joint publication by the DOH and Ecology) that offers recommendations to reduce PFAS exposure to humans and the environment. The public comment period is currently open until December 7, 2020.

Click here to access the public comment form.

Washington State Department of Health
Resource to learn more about PFAS, and a guide to statewide and nationwide initiatives to address public health concerns related to PFAS.

EPA PFAS Action Plan
National PFAS Action Plan detailing how the EPA is addressing PFAS identification, mitigating exposure, and engaging with affected communities. Refer to the EPA’s homepage for more information.

Safer States
A nationwide coalition of advocates, policymakers, and scientists who collect data on current PFAS policies and guidelines by state, which is then used to make PFAS policy and mitigation recommendations to the federal government.

PFAS-Free Products
A comprehensive list of products and brands from apparel to cookware to furniture that do not contain PFAS.


PFAS Next Steps in the Pacific Northwest

In October 2020, Washington State Departments of Health and Ecology published their PFAS Draft Chemical Action Plan (CAP). The draft CAP has been in development since 2016 and includes recommended actions to reduce human and environmental exposure based on a comprehensive assessment of known and potential sources and occurrences of PFAS in Washington State. The public comment period started on October 7, 2020, and closes on Monday, December 7, 2020. DOH and Ecology are projecting to finalize the CAP in 2021.

Applying State-of-the-Science Insight to PFAS Cleanup and Monitoring

The lack of federal PFAS guidance creates significant challenges for industry and public officials as they assess environmental liability and community impacts. Aspect is working on several projects to help clients problem-solve PFAS challenges, including applying state-of-the-science PFAS data to help municipalities evaluate and monitor wellhead protection programs.

On December 9, 2020, Aspect Senior Geologist Ali Cochrane and Associate Environmental Scientist Kirsi Longley will be presenting on PFAS at the CLE Bootcamp, an annual event for the continuing education of legal professionals, hosted by The Seminar Group. If you are interested in arranging a PFAS presentation for your team/organization or want to learn more about how Aspect can provide PFAS support, please reach out to Ali Cochrane and Kirsi Longley.

Spokane Health Building Taps into Groundwater for Carbon-Neutral Goals

It’s not every day you can celebrate the first step in an innovative, carbon-neutral $60 Million health campus. In Spokane, Washington, a group of regional partners – including Gonzaga University, University of Washington, and McKinstry – are collaborating to build a four-story, 80,000-square foot health sciences building in the heart of Spokane’s riverfront. This Regional Health Partnership is the first of its kind in several ways. The public-private collaboration is unique as all partners look to build a world-class health headquarters in the Inland Empire. It’s also special because it has its sights on achieving recent carbon-neutral targets set out by the state of Washington.

The campus is just breaking ground now, with target construction completion finishing in summer 2022. One of the keys to the carbon-neutral puzzle – essentially, no emissions from the campus – is an innovative heating and cooling system for the campus building. This system, which is being co-designed between Aspect and McKinstry, pumps groundwater from an aquifer beneath the property, runs the water through a mechanical device where heat energy in the water is used to heat or cool the building. This “Open-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump” system has been implemented elsewhere but is not done very often because the subsurface conditions have to be just right to both provide the energy and cost savings to make it viable.

Take a look at the celebratory video marking this milestone (see Aspect’s ‘congratulations’ at 19:25 of the video):

A Nod to the Mighty Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer

Aspect is the hydrogeologic lead on the ground-source heat pump piece of the project and, as a company founded by hydrogeologists, we’re excited to contribute to eliminating carbon-based fuels historically used to heat and cool buildings.

The Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer in the project region is known as a highly productive one, pumping out the right temperature and volume to make the overall heating/cooling vision for the campus come to life. The final piece of the puzzle came together through a detailed characterization of the site to support water rights permitting.

There’s plenty of more work to do on this exciting project in the months to come and we look forward to helping other clients meet innovative and forward-looking energy goals with hydrogeologic science..

How Turning Off The Flare Helps Us Sleep at Night: Landfill Milestones

In the world of landfills, the transition from active to closed status is much like the transition from feast to bed. When a community is done “feeding” the landfill, i.e., finished actively adding waste to it, owners pull a cover from the toe to the crown of these giants and allow the necessary digestive processes to take place. The digestive process in this analogy equates to solid waste degrading over time until the landfill can move into a “post-closure” care step and, eventually, into productively reusing the land.

Often, the landfill flare – which is a controlled flame that burns off excess landfill gas – is the most conspicuous sign of the digestive process. Flares, in tandem with a landfill’s post-closure slumber, may go for several decades during which time owners diligently keep watch. Some landfills sleep soundly, while others may suffer indigestion – often in the manner of excess landfill methane and other contaminants impacting landfill area groundwater, soil, and gas -- and require special attention.

When the flare or “Night Light” goes out, landfill owners and operators can move on from active to passive landfill gas treatment, which means one step closer to post-closure finalization and closing the landfill.

After Nearly 30 Years, Jefferson County Celebrates a Rare Landfill Milestone

The flare at the Jefferson County landfill has run since 1993, until this year when owners, regulators, and Aspect partnered to turn it off – a rare milestone in the lifecycle of closed landfill operations.

Those responsible for watching and caring for these sleeping giants rarely see true milestone moments as the years roll on. Aspect has supported the team at Jefferson County for over 10 years with monitoring and reporting post-closure care at their landfill just outside Pt. Townsend. Over the last year, Aspect has guided the Jefferson County team toward ending post-closure care. As one of the final milestones, they finally turned off the flare installed in 1993, nearly 30 years ago, effectively turning out the “night light.”

Closed landfills don’t get new waste but still have active engineering controls and monitoring to ensure digestive byproducts, like gas and leachate, don’t impact air quality or groundwater quality. At enormous landfills, like the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill Facility in King County, landfill gas is often used as an alternative energy source. At smaller landfills, like the Jefferson County landfill, flares have been used to treat landfill gas to control odor, prevent air pollution, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Over time, the digestive processes slow down and less gas is created. Eventually, there is not enough landfill gas to directly fuel a flare, and supplemental fuel (like propane) may be used to keep the flare going—which erodes the value of using a flare for landfill gas treatment.

Switching Off the Night Light in Favor of 14 Biofilters

It takes a coordinated effort to turn off a flare. After years of operating the flare with supplemental fuel, Aspect coordinated with Jefferson County and regulatory agencies to help move to a better solution. The regional air quality authority, ORCAA, confirmed air quality would be protected without the flare. Jefferson County Public Health approved removing flare treatment from the closed landfill permit. The Jefferson County Public Works team built and installed 14 new biofilters and is now monitoring them to ensure they effectively do their job.

Landfill gas flares – like this one at the Port Angeles landfill, which Aspect also consults on — require both considerable operation and maintenance and constant care as landfill gas – i.e., their fuel – runs out.

Biofilters are increasingly used to treat landfill gas during the final stages of digestion and gas generation because they provide “polishing” treatment with little monitoring or maintenance. Landfill gas is directed from horizontal collectors below the cover system through perforated pipe, which is buried by wood mulch. Naturally occurring microbial communities break down landfill gas as it passes through. Barometric pressure changes will allow the landfill to breathe, inhaling atmospheric air during increasing pressure and exhaling landfill gas during decreasing pressure.

Safely Reducing Monitoring Costs and Seeing the End Goal

Turning off the flare brings the Jefferson County team one step closer to ending post-closure monitoring at the landfill. The next steps include showing:

  • There is little to no landfill gas generation. No subsurface landfill gas migration has been observed recently under intermittent operation of the flare. Compliance gas probes near the property boundary will be monitored during passive landfill gas collection to ensure explosive gases remain in very good control.

  • The cover system has good integrity with little to no settlement and is resilient to erosion. The cover system prevents rainfall from infiltrating through the landfill and creating leachate. Settlement surveys have begun, and the vegetated surface is in very good shape.

  • There is little to no leachate generation. Like most older landfills, the Jefferson County landfill started receiving waste before bottom liners were required. So, any leachate that is generated due to infiltration or during digestion will reach groundwater. A network of groundwater monitoring wells is being sampled for a wide range of potential contaminants and results look favorable.

Also, see Peter Bannister’s article on this topic in Municipal Solid Waste’s (MSW) magazine January/February 2021 issue.

Read more about Aspect’s full suite of services for landfill operators and owners.

Construction Begins on Aspect’s Innovative Affordable Housing Project

Construction is underway in Seattle’s Mt. Baker neighborhood on two buildings that will house over 150 affordable apartments for the Mt. Baker Housing Association (MBHA).

The first building, called Maddux North, is on the site of a former dry cleaners that released significant amounts of contaminants into the neighborhood soils and groundwater. The second, Maddux South, is across South McClellan Street on land with its own history of contamination from use as a gas station and auto repair shop. The costs to clean up these properties and similarly affected ones around the city usually leave the valuable land beyond the reach of nonprofits like MBHA. In the past few years, Aspect has partnered with the Washington State Department of Ecology and legal experts on the Healthy Housing Remediation Program to help organizations navigate regulatory pathways and fund cleanup efforts to get these urban sites ready for redevelopment as housing. You can learn more about this innovative funding model on our Affordable Housing page.

Aspect’s environmental and geotechnical teams will be on site in the coming months at both Maddux North and South to monitor the shoring and pile installations that will make way for the buildings’ foundations and make sure the excavated contaminated soils are being handled properly.



The Path to Professional License: Delia Massey

In the science and engineering industry, seeing a “PE”, “LG”, “PMP”, or other initials behind someone’s name shows that person went through years of work experience that culminated in a substantial test to confirm the right to practice their area of technical expertise. A professional license is a proof statement that communicates that the people charged with designing roads and buildings; solving water supply challenges; cleaning up contaminated soil and water; and successfully managing project quality are qualified and ethically accountable professionals. Many go through this licensing journey but few outside that group know what the process is really like.

We’re telling those stories here. Aspect’s professionals are writing a series of articles that capture the trials and successes of studying for and receiving these career-defining milestones.

Delia Massey, Professional Engineering License

April, 2019 – Tested; April, 2019 – Awarded

Mountain Biking Happiness!
Photo Credit: Riley Seebeck (Flowphoto Co.) https://flowphotoco.smugmug.com/

Where did you start with your test prep?

I started by going through a review book and focusing on sections that had the highest percentage of questions on the test and that I needed the most help with. There weren’t a lot of options for study materials because I was taking the new computer-based test, but I went with the highly rated “PE Environmental Review” by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE from PPI. Once I was done reviewing, I began taking practice tests and would go back to review specific sections as needed.

Knowing the test material is just one part of the experience. What should a person gearing up to do this know about the mental, physical, and social aspects of test prep?

Preparing for your PE exam means making big sacrifices in your life outside of work. It takes a toll on your mental and physical state and your close relationships. I knew it would be hard, but the stress, anxiety, and burden of needing to succeed were worse than I imagined. I also put unnecessary amount of pressure on myself to pass the first time (only about 64 percent of people pass on their first try) because if I passed, I would be the first woman to receive a PE while working at Aspect.

I think part of what made preparing for the PE so hard for me was that I have a very active life outside of my engineering job. I am a semi-professional mountain biker, and I spend my free time riding bikes, working on bikes, planning for rides and races, and talking about bikes. I normally say yes to every adventure, and thrive off of a packed weekend and post-work schedule of outdoor activities. Getting outside to exercise solo or with friends helps calm my mind and gets me through hours of sitting at a computer for my day job.

Preparing for the test meant I had to say no to everything I loved so I could focus on my career, and I lost my physical, emotional, and social outlet. It meant spending my weekends indoors studying in addition to a full workload.

My anxiety about the exam grew to be almost unmanageable and I began to have panic attacks, which were terrifying and made it hard to focus on studying. I would allow myself to go on one bike ride per week, but I felt guilty for taking time off from studying. Usually, riding my bike is one of my biggest comforts when I’m feeling down, but during my final month of preparation, I was studying two days per weekend to prepare for the impending test. I tried to stay off social media because it made me sad and angry that everyone else was seemingly out having fun all the time, and I had nothing happy or positive to post about.

Bike-to-Work-Month Selfie!

What was the best piece of advice you received as you started your PE journey?

Figure out what works for you, not what works for someone else. I quickly realized that trying to study after a full day of work wasn’t effective for me, and moved my study days to the weekend. I also realized that starting 8 months before the exam and studying for 500 hours was not realistic for maintaining my sanity, so I set a goal of studying over 4 months, which equaled about 100 hours.

Walk us through the Big Test Day…

Exam day came, and I was tired and extremely nervous. I was one of the first people to take the computer-based test [1] , and I wasn't entirely sure what to expect.

It was stressful to have to decide when to take my lunch break while not knowing what the second half of the exam would look like, and I ended up guessing on a few questions to save half the allotted time for the second 40 questions.

I felt like I bombed the first half, and sat in my car at lunch, sobbing hysterically and debating whether I should just give up and drive away. I took a deep breath, reminded myself of how much preparation I had done, and tried to focus on positive self-talk, and went back in feeling much better about the second half, but was still afraid that wouldn’t be enough to pass.

I went home and spent the weekend in a dark mood, thinking I had failed and would have to re-take the exam, which would mean more weekends of studying, and admitting to everyone at my company that I was a failure.

How did you feel when you finally got the results?

Six days later I got my exam result (one benefit to taking the computer-based exam!). I HAD PASSED. I was so relieved I was shaking, crying, and laughing all at the same time—my hard work had paid off, I was a licensed professional engineer and I would never have to take that test again. My months of stress and anxiety and feeling isolated were over.

Getting my license nearly killed my soul, but it’s the biggest and most important milestone in my career, and necessary for me to advance in the environmental consulting field.

I am already seeing the benefits of having a license as I get to take on more responsibility at Aspect. It’s important to remember that while I had to give up my life for about four months, the benefits of getting my PE will last forever. The suffering and sacrifice are temporary.

Any parting advice?

Although the PE is really important for your career, remember that it is just one exam, and that passing or failing does not define the rest of your life. You may be surprised to find out which of your coworkers failed their first attempt at a professional licensing exam, yet are now licensed and highly successful!

Delia Massey, PE is a Project Engineer in Aspect’s Seattle office. She was the first woman to become a professional engineer while working at Aspect.


[1] Historically, the PE exam has been a written test where you have four hours to complete the first 40 questions, a set lunch break, and then four hours to complete the second 40 questions. Test takers were also able to bring in any reference materials to use during the exam. I was one of the first groups to take the computer-based test, which is formatted slightly differently. Examinees are allotted eight hours to take the whole exam, but you can only see the first 40 questions before your lunch break.

You choose when to take your lunch break, so you could spend 5 hours on the first half of the test, but then you would only have 3 hours for the second half, and you don’t know what the second 40 questions are until you return from lunch. And, test takers only have access to the supplied reference material (which you can use while you study), and you can’t bring in any outside reference materials.